{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T03:59:43Z","timestamp":1788926383521,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["80NSSC19K0435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC19K0435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The work presented here is part of our study series aimed at investigating the countermeasure effectiveness of apigenin (AP) against both early and late effects of heavy silicon (28Si) on the same cohort of exposed male C57BL\/6 mice. We previously reported the countermeasure of AP against 28Si-induced early effects of 28Si ions. This section focuses on the protective effects of AP on late effects, specifically on the induction of acute lymphoma\/lymphoblastic leukemia. Method: Mice received a diet containing 20 mg\/kg body weight of AP for five days before and after total-body irradiation with either 0 or 0.5 Gy of 260 MeV 28Si ions. They were divided into four groups based on AP intake and irradiation status. At one-week after irradiation, six mice from each group were euthanized to assess AP\u2019s effectiveness against early inflammation (in the bone marrow and gut tissues) and gut dysbiosis. The remaining mice were monitored until approximately 770 days of age. Incidence rates were analyzed using Chi-Square tests, while survival data were evaluated with Kaplan\u2013Meier plots and log-rank tests, setting significance at p \u2264 0.05. Results: At 770 days, survival rates were 37% for 28Si-exposed mice and 63% for those consuming AP, despite irradiation. There was a 2.57-fold increase in acute lymphoma\/lymphoblastic leukemia incidence among 28Si-exposed mice not receiving AP compared to controls and AP-fed mice. Together with our previous report on the countermeasure activity of AP against early effects, these findings suggest that the gut\u2013bone marrow axis plays an important role in 28Si-induced acute lymphoma\/lymphoblastic leukemia. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that AP is an effective means of tackling the challenges posed by space radiation, and it has the potential to revolutionize protection in this critical area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17213513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T14:40:48Z","timestamp":1762180848000},"page":"3513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Daily Consumption of Apigenin Prevents Acute Lymphoma\/Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Male C57BL\/6J Mice Exposed to Space-like Radiation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tanat","family":"Peanlikhit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingxuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St Luke\u2019s University Health Network, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahmeena","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James S.","family":"Welsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Health System, Maywood, IL 60153, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2460-3781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Karakach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth R.","family":"Shroyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Elbert","family":"Whorton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"StatCom, P.O. Box 3041, Galveston, TX 77551, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7153-091X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanokporn Noy","family":"Rithidech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cucinotta, F.A. (2014). Space Radiation Risks for Astronauts on Multiple International Space Station Missions. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096099"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"4","article-title":"The Need for Biological Countermeasures to Mitigate the Risk of Space Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis, Cardiovascular Disease, and Central Nervous System Deficiencies","volume":"35","author":"Sishc","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S125","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2020.1820603","article-title":"Spaceflight medical countermeasures: A strategic approach for mitigating effects from solar particle events","volume":"97","author":"Carnell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"44","article-title":"Countermeasure efficacy of apigenin for silicon-ion-induced early damage in blood and bone marrow of exposed C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"35","author":"Peanlikhit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1667\/RADE-23-00110.1","article-title":"Consumption of Apigenin Prevents Radiation-induced Gut Dysbiosis in Male C57BL\/6J Mice Exposed to Silicon Ions","volume":"201","author":"Rithidech","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1880.1","article-title":"Animal Models for Medical Countermeasures to Radiation Exposure","volume":"173","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2006.00218.x","article-title":"Radiation carcinogenesis in mouse thymic lymphomas","volume":"97","author":"Kominami","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-07-0031","article-title":"Environmental and behavioral factors and the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"16","author":"Hartge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"677","article-title":"Influence of postirradiation thymectomy and of thymic implants on lymphoid tumor incidence in C57BL mice","volume":"13","author":"Kaplan","year":"1953","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10010107","article-title":"Mouse Models for Efficacy Testing of Agents against Radiation Carcinogenesis\u2014A Literature Review","volume":"10","author":"Rivina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"30","article-title":"Occurrence, pathological features, and propagation of gonadal teratomas in inbred mice and in rabbits","volume":"30","author":"Meier","year":"1970","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1963.tb13421.x","article-title":"Spontaneous cancer in mice*","volume":"108","author":"Hoag","year":"1963","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"141","article-title":"Observations on radiation-induced lymphoid tumors of mice","volume":"7","author":"Kaplan","year":"1947","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Milder, C.M., Chappell, L., Charvat, J.M., Van Baalen, M., Huff, J.L., and Semone, E.J. (2016). Cancer Risk in Astronauts: A Constellation of Uncommon Consequences, NASA."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2004.01.014","article-title":"Dietary factors and cancer mortality among atomic-bomb survivors","volume":"551","author":"Sauvaget","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"10","article-title":"Biological effects of space radiation and development of effective countermeasures","volume":"1","author":"Kennedy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Life Sci. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-007-0106-3","article-title":"Induction and prevention of carcinogenesis in rat skin exposed to space radiation","volume":"46","author":"Burns","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiat. Environ. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1296.1","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Antioxidant Supplementation on the Development of Malignant Lymphoma and Other Neoplastic Lesions in Mice Exposed to Proton or Iron-Ion Radiation","volume":"169","author":"Kennedy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1667\/RR2439.1","article-title":"Suppression of the Later Stages of Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis by Antioxidant Dietary Formulations","volume":"176","author":"Kennedy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peanlikhit, T., Aryal, U., Welsh, J.S., Shroyer, K.R., and Rithidech, K.N. (2025). Evaluation of the Inhibitory Potential of Apigenin and Related Flavonoids on Various Proteins Associated with Human Diseases Using AutoDock. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062548"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salehi, B., Venditti, A., Sharifi-Rad, M., Kr\u0119giel, D., Sharifi-Rad, J., Durazzo, A., Lucarini, M., Santini, A., Souto, E.B., and Novellino, E. (2019). The therapeutic potential of apigenin. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061305"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, X., Qi, M., Li, P., Zhan, Y., and Shao, H. (2017). Apigenin in cancer therapy: Anti-cancer effects and mechanisms of action. Cell Biosci., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-017-0179-x"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2023.2236329","article-title":"Therapeutical properties of apigenin: A review on the experimental evidence and basic mechanisms","volume":"26","author":"Mushtaq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s40495-017-0113-2","article-title":"Plant Flavone Apigenin: An Emerging Anticancer Agent","volume":"3","author":"Shankar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-010-0089-7","article-title":"Apigenin: A Promising Molecule for Cancer Prevention","volume":"27","author":"Shukla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"100010","article-title":"Mushtaque Therapeutic role of flavonoids and flavones in cancer prevention: Current trends and future perspectives","volume":"3","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahmani, A.H., Alsahli, M.A., Almatroudi, A., Almogbel, M.A., Khan, A.A., Anwar, S., and Almatroodi, S.A. (2022). The Potential Role of Apigenin in Cancer Prevention and Treatment. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27186051"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040819","article-title":"Flavonoids influence monocytic GTPase activity and are protective in experimental allergic encephalitis","volume":"200","author":"Hendriks","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shukla, S., Shankar, E., Fu, P., MacLennan, G.T., and Gupta, S. (2015). Suppression of NF-\u03baB and NF-\u03baB-regulated gene expression by apigenin through I\u03baB\u03b1 and IKK pathway in TRAMP mice. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138710"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3800S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.11.3800S","article-title":"The Chemopreventive Bioflavonoid Apigenin Modulates Signal Transduction Pathways in Keratinocyte and Colon Carcinoma Cell Lines","volume":"133","author":"Xue","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.6.9.4146","article-title":"Apigenin-induced Cell Cycle Arrest is Mediated by Modulation of MAPK, PI3K-Akt, and Loss of Cyclin D1 Associated Retinoblastoma Dephosphorylation in Human Prostate Cancer Cells","volume":"6","author":"Shukla","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2021.1893316","article-title":"Apigenin prevents gamma radiation-induced gastrointestinal damages by modulating inflammatory and apoptotic signalling mediators","volume":"36","author":"Begum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"233","article-title":"Apigenin and cancer chemoprevention: Progress, potential and promise (Review)","volume":"30","author":"Patel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201200424","article-title":"Apigenin and its impact on gastrointestinal cancers","volume":"57","author":"Lefort","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fossatelli, L., Maroccia, Z., Fiorentini, C., and Bonucci, M. (2023). Resources for Human Health from the Plant Kingdom: The Potential Role of the Flavonoid Apigenin in Cancer Counteraction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010251"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahbub, A.A., Le Maitre, C.L., Cross, N.A., and Jordan-Mahy, N. (2022). The effect of apigenin and chemotherapy combination treatments on apoptosis-related genes and proteins in acute leukaemia cell lines. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11441-z"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2005.04.003","article-title":"Protective effect of apigenin on radiation-induced chromosomal damage in human lymphocytes","volume":"585","author":"Rithidech","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2012.08.001","article-title":"Attenuation of oxidative damage and inflammatory responses by apigenin given to mice after irradiation","volume":"749","author":"Rithidech","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bionut.2011.11.003","article-title":"Apigenin, a dietary antioxidant, modulates gamma radiation-induced oxidative damages in human peripheral blood lymphocytes","volume":"2","author":"Begum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Prev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2012.04.001","article-title":"Apigenin ameliorates gamma radiation-induced cytogenetic alterations in cultured human blood lymphocytes","volume":"747","author":"Begum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.32725\/jab.2009.003","article-title":"Protective effect of apigenin against hydrogen peroxide induced genotoxic damage on cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes","volume":"7","author":"Siddique","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.12.006","article-title":"Antigenotoxic effect of apigenin against mitomycin C induced genotoxic damage in mice bone marrow cells","volume":"47","author":"Siddique","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-0738.93134","article-title":"Apigenin protects gamma-radiation induced oxidative stress, hematological changes and animal survival in whole body irradiated Swiss albino mice","volume":"2","author":"Begum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nutr. Pharmacol. Neurol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Tobin, G., Stevens, K.A., and Russell, R.J. (2007). Nutritions, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Harkness, J.E., and Wagner, J.E. (1983). The Biology and Medicine of Rabbits and Rodents, Lea & Febiger. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"83","article-title":"Persistent depletion of plasma gelsolin (pGSN) after exposure of mice to heavy silicon ions","volume":"17","author":"Rithidech","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-013-0479-4","article-title":"Persistence of apoptosis and inflammatory responses in the heart and bone marrow of mice following whole-body exposure to 28Silicon (28Si) ions","volume":"52","author":"Tungjai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiat. Environ. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V100.1.246","article-title":"Bethesda proposals for classification of lymphoid neoplasms in mice","volume":"100","author":"Morse","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Fleiss, J.L. (2014). Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportion, John Wiley & Sons. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3109\/09553002.2015.1001882","article-title":"Induction of chronic oxidative stress, chronic inflammation and aberrant patterns of DNA methylation in the liver of titanium-exposed CBA\/CaJ mice","volume":"91","author":"Jangiam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rithidech, K.N., Jangiam, W., Tungjai, M., Gordon, C., Honikel, L., and Whorton, E.B. (2016). Induction of Chronic Inflammation and Altered Levels of DNA Hydroxymethylation in Somatic and Germinal Tissues of CBA\/CaJ Mice Exposed to 48Ti Ions. Front. Oncol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2016.00155"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Rithidech, P.K.R., Honikel, L., and Whorton, E.B. (2025, October 18). Genomic Instability and Chronic Inflammation in Bone Marrow Cells of Mice Exposed Whole Body to Low Dose Rates of Protons. NASA. Available online: www.dsls.usra.edu\/meetings\/hrp2011\/."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01053.2002","article-title":"Genetic models in applied physiology: Selected contribution: Effects of spaceflight on immunity in the C57BL\/6 mouse. II. Activation, cytokines, erythrocytes, and platelets","volume":"94","author":"Gridley","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Datta, K., Suman, S., Kallakury, B.V.S., and Fornace, A.J. (2012). Exposure to Heavy Ion Radiation Induces Persistent Oxidative Stress in Mouse Intestine. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042224"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1667\/RR14267.1","article-title":"Simulated Microgravity and Low-Dose\/Low-Dose-Rate Radiation Induces Oxidative Damage in the Mouse Brain","volume":"185","author":"Mao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.03.001","article-title":"Persistent oxidative stress in human neural stem cells exposed to low fluences of charged particles","volume":"5","author":"Baulch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.5134","article-title":"Functional Consequences of Radiation-Induced Oxidative Stress in Cultured Neural Stem Cells and the Brain Exposed to Charged Particle Irradiation","volume":"20","author":"Tseng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100587","article-title":"Therapeutic and space radiation exposure of mouse brain causes impaired DNA repair response and premature senescence by chronic oxidant production","volume":"5","author":"Suman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1667\/RR13804.1","article-title":"Understanding Cancer Development Processes after HZE-Particle Exposure: Roles of ROS, DNA Damage Repair and Inflammation","volume":"183","author":"Sridharan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"11","article-title":"No Evidence for the in vivo Induction of Genomic Instability by Low Doses of 137Cs Gamma Rays in Bone Marrow Cells of BALB\/cJ and C57BL\/6J Mice","volume":"10","author":"Rithidech","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-1059","article-title":"Hallmarks of Cancer: New Dimensions","volume":"12","author":"Hanahan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-018-0126-x","article-title":"Mechanisms regulating intestinal barrier integrity and its pathological implications","volume":"50","author":"Chelakkot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7493","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16047493","article-title":"Impacts of Gut Bacteria on Human Health and Diseases","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-021-01845-6","article-title":"Gut microbiota influence tumor development and Alter interactions with the human immune system","volume":"40","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, T., Sharma, P., Are, A.C., Vickers, S.M., and Dudeja, V. (2021). New Insights Into the Cancer\u2013Microbiome\u2013Immune Axis: Decrypting a Decade of Discoveries. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.622064"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180448","article-title":"The gut microbiome: Relationships with disease and opportunities for therapy","volume":"216","author":"Durack","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2024.08.008","article-title":"Impact of Gut Microbiota on Lymphoma: New Frontiers in Cancer Research","volume":"25","author":"Sanabani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2024.104211","article-title":"Gut microbial dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of leukemia: An immune-based perspective","volume":"133","author":"Goswami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"21","article-title":"Isolation and Identification of a Flavone Apigenin from Marine Red Alga Acanthophora spicifera with Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities","volume":"10","author":"Mansour","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/21\/3513\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T05:11:39Z","timestamp":1762233099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/21\/3513"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers17213513"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17213513","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]}}}