{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T19:29:25Z","timestamp":1785007765433,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":245,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To contrast the COVID-19 pandemic brought by the corona virus SARS-CoV-2, two mRNA-based anti-COVID-19 vaccines (by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna) were made available relatively quickly and deployed worldwide based on an emergency approval. Being considered vulnerable and at risk of infection, cancer patients have been prioritized for COVID-19 vaccination and vaccinated repeatedly because of the short time protection provided by these vaccines. Recently, a surge in the incidence and rapid progression of cancers has been observed in many countries, which could (at least partially) represent cancers undiagnosed or untreated during the pandemic. It has also been suggested that the SARS-CoV-2 itself or even the anti-COVID-19 mRNA vaccines could have contributed to the recurrence and worse clinical outcome in cancer patients, given the high incidence of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients and that these patients have been vaccinated with priority several times and in a short period. Although it appears extremely unlikely that SARS-CoV-2 and anti-COVID-19 mRNA vaccines elicit genotoxic events and cause neo-cancerogenesis in a short time, they could still cause non-genotoxic pro-carcinogenic effects by triggering an exaggerated inflammatory reaction, compromising immune homeostasis, stimulating cell proliferation, and negatively affecting cellular stress response and damage repair machinery. This could result in the promotion of regrowth of dormant micrometastases or relapses of stable minimal residual disease. Such a harmful outcome may likely result from a synergy between the virus and the vaccine, especially in multi-vaccinated and multi-infected individuals. Here, I bring the cell pathologist\u2019s point of view and discuss the multiple possible mechanisms by which the virus and the anti-COVID-19 mRNA vaccine might favor tumorigenesis. While a causal link cannot be established at this stage, knowledge of potential carcinogenic risks could help doctors and health policymakers take the best actions to protect vulnerable patients and convince the vaccine developer to design a vaccine free from such harm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17233867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T11:29:30Z","timestamp":1764761370000},"page":"3867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["SARS-CoV2 and Anti-COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines: Is There a Plausible Mechanistic Link with Cancer?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5494-3034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciro","family":"Isidoro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-023-05065-7","article-title":"Therapy delay due to COVID-19 pandemic among European women with breast cancer: Prevalence and associated factors","volume":"149","author":"Gremke","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-023-05062-w","article-title":"Prevalence of and factors associated with a treatment delay due to the COVID-19 pandemic in patients with gastrointestinal cancer in Europe","volume":"149","author":"Roderburg","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. 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