{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T14:43:48Z","timestamp":1765464228708,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging evidence suggests some bacterial infections may be early signs of hidden cancers rather than random events. Yet this link remains under-recognized in practice, representing an often-missed diagnostic opportunity. Large registry studies show that certain infections are linked to a sharply increased short-term risk of cancer detection, with most of the excess diagnoses clustering in the first 6 months after the index episode. Key associations include the following: (i) anaerobic or gut-derived bacteremia with Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, or pks+\u00a0Escherichia coli before colorectal neoplasm; (ii) Streptococcus gallolyticus\/bovis bacteremia and colorectal neoplasm; (iii) cryptogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess and pancreaticobiliary or colorectal cancer; (iv) non-resolving pneumonia and segmental collapse before lung cancer. Overall, short-term cancer detection risks range from about 3% after unselected Gram-negative bacteremia to ~8% or higher after cryptogenic liver abscess\u2014similar to accepted thresholds that justify targeted cancer work-up. Even hidden tumors disrupt immunity, compromise barriers, and create conditions that favor microbial invasion. This review synthesizes evidence for the \u201csentinel infection phenotype\u201d; outlines pathogen-specific associations, including their possible pathogenetic mechanisms; and proposes a practical diagnostic framework. Recognizing these infection signatures may enable earlier cancer detection and better outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17243958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T14:30:17Z","timestamp":1765463417000},"page":"3958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Infectious Clue: Linking Bacterial Infections to Underlying Malignancies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Loris","family":"Mo\u010dibob","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastrointestinal Infections, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Branimir","family":"Gjura\u0161in","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5784-1343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neven","family":"Papi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastrointestinal Infections, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. 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