{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T16:31:01Z","timestamp":1766507461547,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Globally, the incidence of prostate cancer is estimated to increase by approximately 80% by 2040 compared to 2018. Bone is the most common metastatic site in prostate cancer and accurate prediction of bone metastasis in prostate cancer is crucial for deciding treatment decisions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of G6PD activity level as a biomarker for predicting bone metastasis in patients with prostate cancer. Methods: A total of 56 patients participated in this study and participants included in the study were prostate cancer patients aged 19 years or older who visited YCH Hospital. We compared G6PD activity levels according to presence of bone metastasis. Also, ROC analysis was conducted to evaluate the predictive performance of G6PD activity level for bone metastasis. Optimal cutoff value of G6PD activity level was determined using Youden\u2019s index and corresponding sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Results: The median G6PD activity was significantly higher in the group with bone metastasis than in the group without bone metastasis. According to ROC curve analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.66\u20130.90). The optimal cutoff value of G6PD activity level for predicting bone metastasis was determined to be 11.5 U\/g Hb. At this cutoff value, sensitivity and specificity were 0.81 and 0.73, respectively. Conclusions: G6PD activity is a complementary non-invasive biomarker for predicting bone metastasis in patients with prostate cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18010041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T14:05:22Z","timestamp":1766498722000},"page":"41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prediction of Bone Metastasis in Prostate Cancer Using Blood Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity: A Retrospective Medical Record Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Chang-Hwan","family":"Yeom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, YCH Hospital, Seoul 05700, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiewon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, YCH Hospital, Seoul 05700, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keun-Joo","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, YCH Hospital, Seoul 05700, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4756-6402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kangseok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Bangre Hospital, Incheon 22228, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jongsoon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1731-962X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myeong-Hun","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, YCH Hospital, Seoul 05700, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2024","volume":"74","author":"Siegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, S., Youk, T., Lee, S.J., Kim, K.M., and Vajdic, C.M. (2020). Bone metastasis and skeletal-related events in patients with solid cancer: A Korean nationwide health insurance database study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234927"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"321","article-title":"Bone metastases: An overview","volume":"11","author":"Macedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22991","article-title":"Pathologic fractures correlate with reduced survival in patients with malignant bone disease","volume":"110","author":"Saad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64561-2","article-title":"Skeletal fractures negatively correlate with overall survival in men with prostate cancer","volume":"168","author":"Oefelein","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2010.05.026","article-title":"Zoledronic acid improves clinical outcomes when administered before onset of bone pain in patients with prostate cancer","volume":"76","author":"Saad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.56434\/j.arch.esp.urol.20247703.32","article-title":"Cinobufotalin Capsule Combined with Zoledronic Acid in the Treatment of Pain Symptoms and Clinical Efficacy in Prostate Cancer Patients with Bone Metastases: A Retrospective Study","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Esp. Urol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldessari, C., Pipitone, S., Molinaro, E., Cerma, K., Fanelli, M., Nasso, C., Oltrecolli, M., Pirola, M., D\u2019Agostino, E., and Pugliese, G. (2023). Bone metastases and health in prostate cancer: From pathophysiology to clinical implications. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15051518"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ying, M., Mao, J., Sheng, L., Wu, H., Bai, G., Zhong, Z., and Pan, Z. (2023). Biomarkers for prostate cancer bone metastasis detection and prediction. J. Pers. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13050705"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ban, J., Fock, V., Aryee, D.N., and Kovar, H. (2021). Mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of bone metastases. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10112944"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1017","article-title":"Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NADPH, and cell survival","volume":"64","author":"Stanton","year":"2012","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12238","article-title":"Understanding the biology of reactive oxygen species and their link to cancer: NADPH oxidases as novel pharmacological targets","volume":"41","author":"Harrison","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabf9096","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abf9096","article-title":"Metabolic profiling of prostate cancer in skeletal microenvironments identifies G6PD as a key mediator of growth and survival","volume":"8","author":"Whitburn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.00178.x","article-title":"Understanding diagnostic tests 3: Receiver operating characteristic curves","volume":"96","author":"Akobeng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.200410135","article-title":"Estimation of the Youden Index and its associated cutoff point","volume":"47","author":"Fluss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biom. J."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"4879","article-title":"Survival markers related to bone metastases in prostate cancer","volume":"26","author":"Salminen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.4103\/tjem.tjem_182_23","article-title":"Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis in diagnostic accuracy studies: A guide to interpreting the area under the curve value","volume":"23","author":"Aksel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turk. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001679","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001679","article-title":"Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase correlates with tumor immune activity and programmed death ligand-1 expression in Merkel cell carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Nakamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.56434\/j.arch.esp.urol.20247701.10","article-title":"Analysis of Factors Influencing Bone Metastasis in Prostate Cancer and Diagnostic Value of Serum PSA, CysC and DD","volume":"77","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Esp. Urol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20314","article-title":"Comparison of 10 serum bone turnover markers in prostate carcinoma patients with bone metastatic spread: Diagnostic and prognostic implications","volume":"111","author":"Jung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.05.029","article-title":"Serum bone turnover markers (PINP and ICTP) for the early detection of bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer: A longitudinal approach","volume":"178","author":"Koopmans","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)35302-8","article-title":"Prostate specific antigen and Gleason grade: An immunohistochemical study of prostate cancer","volume":"151","author":"Aihara","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(68)90024-7","article-title":"Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from human erythrocytes: Molecular weight determination by gel filtration","volume":"31","author":"Rattazzi","year":"1968","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.2009.953828","article-title":"Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and malaria: Cytochemical detection of heterozygous G6PD deficiency in women","volume":"57","author":"Peters","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00326-0","article-title":"NADPH homeostasis in cancer: Functions, mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"5","author":"Ju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, J., Sun, H., Zhang, S., and Shan, C. (2022). The multiple roles of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in tumorigenesis and cancer chemoresistance. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12020271"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103","DOI":"10.1038\/oncsis.2014.18","article-title":"Regulation of the pentose phosphate pathway by an androgen receptor\u2013mTOR-mediated mechanism and its role in prostate cancer cell growth","volume":"3","author":"Tsouko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32100","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M301293200","article-title":"Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase modulates vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated angiogenesis","volume":"278","author":"Leopold","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"442","article-title":"Enzyme activities in prostatic carcinoma related to Gleason grades","volume":"45","author":"Pretlow","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.180040","article-title":"Role of androgen receptor in prostate cancer: A review","volume":"37","author":"Fujita","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Men\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-024-02762-z","article-title":"Metabolic adaptations in prostate cancer","volume":"131","author":"Carracedo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Torres, I., Soto, M., Guarner-Lans, V., Manzano-Pech, L., and Soria-Castro, E. (2022). The Possible Role of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in the SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11131982"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-136572","article-title":"High glucose inhibits glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, leading to increased oxidative stress and \u03b2-cell apoptosis","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48292","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c06155","article-title":"In Vitro Effects of Some Chemotherapeutics on Human Erythrocyte Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Enzyme","volume":"9","author":"Coban","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acs Omega"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/1\/41\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T14:15:05Z","timestamp":1766499305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/1\/41"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers18010041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers18010041","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]}}}