{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T17:07:12Z","timestamp":1794330432963,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hungarian Ministry of Innovation and Technology","award":["TKP2021-EGA-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-EGA-23"]}]},{"name":"Translational Neuroscience National Laboratory programme","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00011"]}]},{"name":"project grants","award":["K131996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K131996"]}]},{"name":"project grants","award":["K147265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K147265"]}]},{"name":"Hirschberg Foundation seed grant","award":["HF-2023-084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HF-2023-084"]}]},{"name":"Translational Medicine Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020668","name":"European Research Executive Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["101079210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101079210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Incidence of malnutrition varies greatly among gastrointestinal (GI) cancer patients and has a major impact on prognosis. We performed a meta-analysis to identify risk factors for malnutrition risk, malnutrition diagnosis, and cachexia in patients with GI cancer. Methods: A systematic search was performed on 31 October 2025 on the PubMed (Medline), Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. Eligible studies reported on risk factors for malnutrition risk, malnutrition diagnosis, malnutrition-related complication risk and cachexia in adult patients with GI cancer. Articles on neuroendocrine tumours, primary cancer outside the GI tract, and the paediatric population were excluded. The random-effects model yielded the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the investigated risk factors. Results: A total of 37,624 records were identified. Data from 262,525 patients from 578 articles were included in the analysis. Older age (\u226565) was associated with higher odds for malnutrition risk across all GI cancers. In gastric cancer, males had a lower odds for malnutrition risk (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.75\u20130.95); however, the sex difference across other cancer types was heterogeneous, and mostly not significant. Tumour location influenced the odds for malnutrition-related complication risk in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (head vs. body\/tail\u2014OR 1.48; 95% CI 0.98\u20132.23) and colorectal cancer (colon vs. rectal\u2014OR 1.39; 95% CI 1.07\u20131.81; right-sided vs. left-sided\u2014OR 1.54; 95% CI 1.34\u20131.77). Increased C-reactive protein alone indicated higher odds for malnutrition risk at baseline. Conclusions: Inflammatory biomarkers and tumour characteristics may indicate malnutrition risk in GI cancer at baseline. There is a great need for standardised and harmonised approaches in nutritional status assessment in GI cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18010080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T07:52:59Z","timestamp":1766994779000},"page":"80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Risk of Malnutrition in Digestive System Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6809-9989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina Csilla","family":"Budai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2007-1112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petrana","family":"Martinekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"EDU. A Degree Smarter, 1320 Kalkara, Malta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gefu","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalma","family":"Dobszai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Fekete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanne Aspelund","family":"Normann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e1zmin","family":"N\u00e9meth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Al\u00edz","family":"Fazekas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2276-7109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eszter \u00c1gnes","family":"Szalai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Szentesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7596-2656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasile Liviu","family":"Drug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Hegyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Translational Pancreatology Research Group, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence for Research Development and Innovation, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6978-4526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Bunduc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Digestive Diseases and Liver Transplantation Center, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.068","article-title":"Global burden of 5 major types of gastrointestinal cancer","volume":"159","author":"Arnold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01454-0","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: Molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies","volume":"16","author":"Setiawan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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