{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T07:25:06Z","timestamp":1778052306570,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Durvalumab combined with gemcitabine\u2013cisplatin (GC) has become the standard first-line treatment for advanced biliary tract cancer (BTC) following the TOPAZ-1 trial. However, real-world effectiveness, safety, and prognostic determinants, particularly in underrepresented populations, remain insufficiently defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the real-world outcomes of first-line durvalumab plus chemotherapy and identify independent prognostic factors in patients with advanced BTC. Methods: This multicenter retrospective cohort study included patients with unresectable or metastatic BTC treated with first-line durvalumab plus chemotherapy across 21 tertiary oncology centers in T\u00fcrkiye. Clinical characteristics, laboratory parameters, biomarker data, and treatment details were collected. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS), while secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and safety. Survival outcomes were analyzed using the Kaplan\u2013Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results: A total of 78 patients were analyzed; 53.8% were male, and the median age was 62 years. Primary tumor sites were intrahepatic (55.1%), extrahepatic (30.8%), and gallbladder (14.1%). After a median follow-up of 12.58 months, median OS was 11.59 months and median PFS was 6.80 months. The ORR was 50.6%, including complete and partial responses in 2.7% and 47.9% of patients, respectively. Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 97.4% of patients, with grade 3\u20134 events in 37.2%. Immune-related adverse events were observed in 19.2%, including one case of grade 3 pneumonitis. No patient permanently discontinued durvalumab due to toxicity, and no durvalumab-related mortality occurred. In multivariable analysis, ECOG performance status 2 (HR 3.43; 95% CI 1.33\u20138.80) and ALBI grade 2\u20133 (HR 2.54; 95% CI 1.24\u20135.19) independently predicted worse OS, while ECOG performance status 2 also predicted shorter PFS (HR 5.91; 95% CI 2.30\u201315.17). Conclusions: In this multicenter real-world Turkish cohort, first-line durvalumab plus chemotherapy showed effectiveness and tolerability comparable to clinical trial data. Baseline ECOG performance status and ALBI grade were independent prognostic factors, supporting their use for risk stratification in advanced biliary tract cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18010101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T08:47:27Z","timestamp":1766998047000},"page":"101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Durvalumab-Based First-Line Chemoimmunotherapy in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer: Real-World Outcomes and Prognostic Factors\u2014A Turkish Oncology Group Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9586-2858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Safa Can","family":"Efil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara 06800, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatih","family":"Kus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4462-6393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahadir","family":"Koylu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bekir Mert","family":"Durukan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Selami","family":"Bayram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Memorial Antalya Hospital, Antalya 07100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Halil Goksel","family":"Guzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, University of Health Sciences, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya 07100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0290-8787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Banu","family":"Ozturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, University of Health Sciences, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya 07100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harun","family":"Muglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34810, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Bilici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34810, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatih","family":"Kose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Baskent University, Adana 01120, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6635-2012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozkan","family":"Alan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Cerrahpasa Istanbul University, Istanbul 34098, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eda","family":"Karapelit Agitoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya 42090, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gurkan","family":"Guner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Izmir University of Economics, Medical Point Hospital, Izmir 35330, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali Ayberk","family":"Besen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Istanbul Aydin University, Medical Park Seyhan Hospital, Adana 01060, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8394-8168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaan","family":"Helvaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Memorial Ankara Hospital, Ankara 06520, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Araz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya 42090, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Turgut","family":"Kacan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Doruk Health Group Nil\u00fcfer Hospital, Bursa 16110, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cagatay","family":"Arslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Izmir University of Economics, Medical Point Hospital, Izmir 35330, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Unal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35340, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emine Bihter","family":"Eniseler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45140, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1053-0668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sedat","family":"Biter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Cukurova University, Adana 01330, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ferhat","family":"Ekinci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45140, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9153-6921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferit","family":"Aslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Medical Park Ankara Batikent Hospital, Ankara 06170, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilkay Tugba","family":"Unek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35340, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Semra","family":"Tas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Pamukkale University, Denizli 20070, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omer","family":"Acar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Mardin Training and Research Hospital, Mardin 47100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ozturk","family":"Ates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Dr. Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Ankara Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06200, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teoman","family":"Sakalar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras 46040, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7197-211X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinem","family":"Akbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilal","family":"Karakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara 06800, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammed Bulent","family":"Akinci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara 06800, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bulent","family":"Yalcin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara 06800, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suayip","family":"Yalcin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Ali Nahit","family":"Sendur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara 06800, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.114046","article-title":"Unresectable biliary tract cancer: Current and future systemic therapy","volume":"203","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908721","article-title":"Cisplatin plus Gemcitabine versus Gemcitabine for Biliary Tract Cancer","volume":"362","author":"Valle","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esmail, A., Badheeb, M., Alnahar, B., Almiqlash, B., Sakr, Y., Khasawneh, B., Al-Najjar, E., Al-Rawi, H., Abudayyeh, A., and Rayyan, Y. (2024). Cholangiocarcinoma: The Current Status of Surgical Options including Liver Transplantation. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16111946"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.00679","article-title":"Modified FOLFIRINOX Versus CISGEM Chemotherapy for Patients with Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer (PRODIGE 38 AMEBICA): A Randomized Phase II Study","volume":"40","author":"Phelip","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-24-01383","article-title":"SWOG S1815: A Phase III Randomized Trial of Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, and Nab-Paclitaxel Versus Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Newly Diagnosed, Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers","volume":"43","author":"Shroff","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeCarli, K., Strosberg, J., and Almhanna, K. (2022). Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Gastrointestinal Malignancies: An Update. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14174201"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, D.-Y., He, A.R., Qin, S., Chen, L.-T., Okusaka, T., Vogel, A., Kim, J.W., Suksombooncharoen, T., Lee, M.A., and Kitano, M. (2022). Durvalumab plus Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer. NEJM \u00c9vid., 1.","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2200015"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(24)00095-5","article-title":"Durvalumab or placebo plus gemcitabine and cisplatin in participants with advanced biliary tract cancer (TOPAZ-1): Updated overall survival from a randomised phase 3 study","volume":"9","author":"Oh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00727-4","article-title":"Pembrolizumab in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin compared with gemcitabine and cisplatin alone for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer (KEYNOTE-966): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"401","author":"Kelley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2400216","DOI":"10.1200\/GO.24.00216","article-title":"Gemcitabine Cisplatin and Durvalumab Experience in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers: A Real-World, Multicentric Data from India","volume":"10","author":"Muddu","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCO Glob. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.114199","article-title":"Durvalumab plus gemcitabine and cisplatin in advanced biliary tract cancer: A large real-life worldwide population","volume":"208","author":"Rimini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12656","article-title":"Efficacy, safety and differential outcomes of immune-chemotherapy with gemcitabine, cisplatin and durvalumab in patients with biliary tract cancers: A multicenter real world cohort","volume":"12","author":"Mitzlaff","year":"2024","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"oyae306","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyae306","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness and prognostic factors of durvalumab plus chemotherapy in a multicentric cohort with advanced biliary tract cancer","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11523-024-01044-1","article-title":"Durvalumab Plus Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Patients with Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer: An Exploratory Analysis of Real-World Data","volume":"19","author":"Olkus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Target. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurihara, E., Kakizaki, S., Ijima, M., Hatanaka, T., Kubo, N., Suzuki, Y., Yasuoka, H., Hoshino, T., Naganuma, A., and Tani, N. (2025). Efficacy and Safety of the Combination of Durvalumab Plus Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Patients with Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer: A Real-World Retrospective Cohort Study. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202506.0060.v1"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-025-06239-1","article-title":"Treatment with gemcitabine\/cisplatin and durvalumab for advanced biliary tract cancer\u2013real-world data from a multicenter German patient population","volume":"151","author":"Gerhardt","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shionoya, K., Sofuni, A., Mukai, S., Yamauchi, Y., Tsuchiya, T., Tanaka, R., Tonozuka, R., Yamamoto, K., Nagai, K., and Matsunami, Y. (2025). Initial Use Experience of Durvalumab Plus Gemcitabine and Cisplatin for Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer in a Japanese Territory Center. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17020314"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-025-03834-x","article-title":"Prognostic impact of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in patients with unresectable biliary tract cancer treated with gemcitabine, cisplatin, and durvalumab","volume":"23","author":"Mii","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.57.9151","article-title":"Assessment of Liver Function in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A New Evidence-Based Approach\u2014The ALBI Grade","volume":"33","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30074-8","article-title":"iRECIST: Guidelines for response criteria for use in trials testing immunotherapeutics","volume":"18","author":"Seymour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.10.026","article-title":"New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: Revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1)","volume":"45","author":"Eisenhauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Li, T., Chen, R., and Wang, Y. (2025). Comparison analysis of ICIs and chemotherapy combined with or without lenvatinib as first-line treatment of unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. BMC Cancer, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-025-13814-9"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2048416","article-title":"Real-world outcomes of patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma treated with programmed cell death protein-1-targeted immunotherapy","volume":"54","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dayyani, F., Stirnadel-Farrant, H.A., Hu, J., Lin, Y., Kebede, N., Valerio, S.J., and Ahn, D.H. (2025). Treatment Patterns and Outcomes in Patients with Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers Treated with Gemcitabine-Based Chemotherapy: A Retrospective Study. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17020305"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2022.03.016","article-title":"Antibiotic Exposure and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients With NSCLC: The Backbone Matters","volume":"17","author":"Cortellini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00786-8","article-title":"Gut microbiota shapes cancer immunotherapy responses","volume":"11","author":"Lei","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy103","article-title":"Negative association of antibiotics on clinical activity of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with advanced renal cell and non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"29","author":"Derosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-018-0398-7","article-title":"Combining surgery and immunotherapy: Turning an immunosuppressive effect into a therapeutic opportunity","volume":"6","author":"Bakos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17050","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14991","article-title":"Surgery-induced monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells expand regulatory T cells in lung cancer","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4565","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33780","article-title":"Immune-related adverse events are associated with improved response, progression-free survival, and overall survival for patients with head and neck cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"127","author":"Foster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2352302","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.52302","article-title":"Immune-Related Adverse Events and Survival Among Patients with Metastatic NSCLC Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"7","author":"Cook","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2024.04.005","article-title":"Recommendations for the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) for patients with advanced cancer in 2024: A report from the ESMO Precision Medicine Working Group","volume":"35","author":"Mosele","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/1\/101\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T08:55:28Z","timestamp":1766998528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/1\/101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers18010101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers18010101","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]}}}