{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:04:26Z","timestamp":1791331466296,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000947","name":"Australian Cancer Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000947","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000892","name":"Prostate Cancer Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000892","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015572","name":"National Imaging Facility","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015572","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022084","name":"Peter MacCallum Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022084","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"AdvanCell"},{"name":"AstraZeneca"},{"name":"Bayer"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006775","name":"GE HealthCare","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006775","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"ITM"},{"name":"Isotopia"},{"name":"Novartis"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Radiotracer-based nuclear imaging, including positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), can complement conventional cross-sectional imaging in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by providing biological characterisation of tumour metabolism, angiogenesis, hypoxia, and the tumour microenvironment. While computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remain the diagnostic standard, accumulating evidence suggests that selected nuclear imaging techniques may offer incremental value in specific clinical scenarios. Methods: A narrative literature review was performed using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science to identify preclinical, retrospective, and prospective studies evaluating PET and SPECT radiotracers in localised and metastatic RCC. Priority was given to meta-analyses, multicentre prospective trials, and studies with histopathological correlation. Results: [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET\/CT demonstrates limited sensitivity for primary renal tumours (pooled sensitivity of approximately 60%) but performs substantially better in metastatic and recurrent disease (pooled sensitivity and specificity of approximately 85\u201390%), where uptake correlates with tumour grade, progression-free survival, and overall survival. [99mTc]sestamibi SPECT\/CT differentiates oncocytoma and hybrid oncocytic\/chromophobe tumours from malignant RCC with pooled sensitivity and specificity of around 85\u201390%, supporting its role in evaluating indeterminate renal masses rather than staging. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET\/CT shows high detection rates in clear-cell RCC, particularly in metastatic disease, with reported sensitivities of approximately 85\u201390% and management changes in up to 40\u201350% of selected cohorts. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX)-targeted PET\/CT enables the biologically specific visualisation of clear-cell RCC, achieving sensitivities and specificities in the range of 85\u201390% in prospective phase II and III trials for primary tumour characterisation. Fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) PET\/CT demonstrates high tumour-to-background uptake in early RCC studies, but evidence remains preliminary, with small cohorts and recognised non-specific uptake in benign inflammatory and fibrotic conditions. Conclusions: Radiotracer-based nuclear imaging provides complementary, biology-driven insights in RCC that extend beyond anatomical assessment. While most modalities remain adjunctive or investigational and are not recommended for routine use, selective application in carefully chosen clinical scenarios may enhance tumour characterisation, prognostication, and personalised treatment planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18020195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:46:43Z","timestamp":1767786403000},"page":"195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Nuclear Imaging in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Current Evidence and Clinical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6234-3522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Al-Khanaty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne 3084, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shane","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne 3084, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0400-2647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Hennes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eoin","family":"Dinneen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5877-8657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lewis","family":"Au","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 8006, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renu S.","family":"Eapen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne 3084, Australia"},{"name":"Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 8006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Bolton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne 3084, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Declan G.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 8006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Lawrentschuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3000, Australia"},{"name":"EJ Whitten Prostate Cancer Research Centre at Epworth, Melbourne 3001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Jack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne 3084, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 8006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Hofman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Prostate Cancer Theranostics and Imaging Centre of Excellence (ProsTIC), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlon L.","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne 3084, Australia"},{"name":"Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 8006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000645","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjonc-2024-000645","article-title":"Novel Radiopharmaceuticals for Molecular Imaging of Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"4","author":"Weindler","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millan, B., Loebach, L., Blachman-Braun, R., Patel, M.H., Saini, J., Linehan, W.M., and Ball, M.W. (2025). Molecular Genetics of Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Narrative Review Focused on Clinical Relevance. Curr. Oncol., 32.","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol32060359"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2023.07.013","article-title":"The Role of 99mTc-Sestamibi Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography\/Computed Tomography in the Diagnostic Pathway for Renal Masses: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"Basile","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1002\/bco2.355","article-title":"Imaging Modalities for Characterising T1 Renal Tumours: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy","volume":"5","author":"Warren","year":"2024","journal-title":"BJUI Compass"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.12.021","article-title":"Patient and Tumor Characteristics Can Predict Nondiagnostic Renal Mass Biopsy Findings","volume":"193","author":"Prince","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.5489\/cuaj.6708","article-title":"The Value of 99mTc-Sestamibi Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography-Computed Tomography in the Evaluation and Risk Stratification of Renal Masses","volume":"15","author":"Sistani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. Urol. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y. (2016). The Place of FDG PET\/CT in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Value and Limitations. Front. Oncol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2016.00201"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"EAU Guidelines (2025). Edn. Presented at the EAU EAU Guidelines. Edn. Presented at the EAU Congress, EAU."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000001911","article-title":"Renal Mass and Localized Renal Cancer: Evaluation, Management, and Follow-Up: AUA Guideline: Part I","volume":"206","author":"Campbell","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2024.05.537","article-title":"Renal Cell Carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for Diagnosis, Treatment and Follow-Up","volume":"35","author":"Powles","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) (2025). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Kidney Cancer. Version 1.2025, NCCN."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii49","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdu259","article-title":"Renal Cell Carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment and Follow-Up","volume":"25","author":"Escudier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-017-0329-5","article-title":"Correlation of 99mTc-Sestamibi Uptake in Renal Masses with Mitochondrial Content and Multi-Drug Resistance Pump Expression","volume":"7","author":"Rowe","year":"2017","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.08.056","article-title":"Prospective Evaluation of 99mTc-Sestamibi SPECT\/CT for the Diagnosis of Renal Oncocytomas and Hybrid Oncocytic\/Chromophobe Tumors","volume":"69","author":"Gorin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.122.264329","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of99m Tc-Sestamibi SPECT\/CT for Characterization of Solid Renal Masses","volume":"64","author":"Parihar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.15737","article-title":"Technetium-99 M-sestamibi Single-photon Emission Computerised Tomography (CT)\/CT in the Prediction of Malignant versus Benign Small Renal Masses","volume":"130","author":"Viswambaram","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000003557","article-title":"Clinical Performance of Technetium-99m\u2013Sestamibi SPECT\/CT Imaging in Differentiating Oncocytic Tumors From Renal Cell Carcinoma in Routine Clinical Practice","volume":"210","author":"Schober","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-020-02469-8","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of 99mTc-Sestamibi SPECT\/CT for Detecting Renal Oncocytomas and Other Benign Renal Lesions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"45","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2020.02.010","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of 99mTc-Sestamibi SPECT\/CT to Guide Management of Small Renal Masses","volume":"7","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-014-2961-x","article-title":"FDG PET\/CT: EANM Procedure Guidelines for Tumour Imaging: Version 2.0","volume":"42","author":"Boellaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1102\/1470-7330.2012.0042","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of the Diagnostic Performance of [18F]FDG-PET and PET\/CT in Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1803","article-title":"Forced Diuresis Improves the Diagnostic Accuracy of 18F-FDG PET in Abdominopelvic Malignancies","volume":"47","author":"Kamel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med. Off. Publ. Soc. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000000618","article-title":"Diagnostic Performance of 18F-FDG PET or PET\/CT in Restaging Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"38","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Namura, K., Minamimoto, R., Yao, M., Makiyama, K., Murakami, T., Sano, F., Hayashi, N., Tateishi, U., Ishigaki, H., and Kishida, T. (2010). Impact of Maximum Standardized Uptake Value (SUVmax) Evaluated by 18-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose Positron Emission Tomography\/Computed Tomography (18F-FDG-PET\/CT) on Survival for Patients with Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Preliminary Report. BMC Cancer, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-10-667"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-021-00393-8","article-title":"Clinical Utility of FDG PET\/CT for Primary and Recurrent Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-016-1773-y","article-title":"Renal Cell Carcinoma Recurrences and Metastases in Primary Non-Metastatic Patients: A Population-Based Study","volume":"34","author":"Dabestani","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5603\/NMR.2013.0002","article-title":"Role of F18-FDG-PET\/CT in Restaging Patients Affected by Renal Carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Bertagna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0b013e32832cc220","article-title":"Evaluation of Sorafenib Treatment in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma with 2-Fluoro-2-Deoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography","volume":"30","author":"Lyrdal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"137","article-title":"18 F-FDG PET\/CT Imaging for an Early Assessment of Response to Sunitinib in Metastatic Renal Carcinoma: Preliminary Study","volume":"24","author":"Vercellino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Biother. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"78","article-title":"Evaluation of FDG Uptake by Renal Malignancies (Primary Tumor or Metastases) Using a Coincidence Detection Gamma Camera","volume":"41","author":"Montravers","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med. Off. Publ. Soc. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-2042.2002.00416.x","article-title":"Significance of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG-PET) for Detection of Renal Cell Carcinoma and Immunohistochemical Glucose Transporter 1 (GLUT-1) Expression in the Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Miyakita","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-003-1211-4","article-title":"Efficiency of [ 18 F]FDG PET in Characterising Renal Cancer and Detecting Distant Metastases: A Comparison with CT","volume":"30","author":"Aide","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-005-0026-z","article-title":"2-Deoxy-2-[F-18]Fluoro-D-Glucose-Positron Emission Tomography in Characterization of Solid Renal Masses","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000000875","article-title":"Preoperative Evaluation of Renal Cell Carcinoma by Using 18F-FDG PET\/CT","volume":"40","author":"Takahashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-019-04358-9","article-title":"Lesion Detection by [89Zr]Zr-DFO-Girentuximab and [18F]FDG-PET\/CT in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"46","author":"Verhoeff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2013.1739","article-title":"Collecting Duct Carcinoma of the Kidney: Imaging Observations of a Rare Tumor","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2007.03.025","article-title":"Expression of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen in Tumor-Associated Neovasculature of Renal Neoplasms","volume":"70","author":"Baccala","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.120.251272","article-title":"Dynamic68 Ga-PSMA-11 PET\/CT for the Primary Evaluation of Localized Renal Mass: A Prospective Study","volume":"62","author":"Golan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"66.e1","article-title":"The Role of Dual Tracer PSMA and FDG PET\/CT in Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) Compared to Conventional Imaging: A Multi-Institutional Case Series with Intra-Individual Comparison","volume":"40","author":"Tariq","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol. Semin. Orig. Investig."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-022-06101-3","article-title":"Head-to-Head Comparison of [68Ga]Ga-P16-093 and 2-[18F]FDG PET\/CT in Patients with Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Pilot Study","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1590\/s1677-5538.ibju.2023.0312","article-title":"Head-to-Head Comparisons of Enhanced CT, 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET\/CT and 18F-FDG PET\/CT in Identifying Adverse Pathology of Clear-Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Prospective Study","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Braz. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gasparro, D., Scarlattei, M., Silini, E.M., Migliari, S., Baldari, G., Cervati, V., Graziani, T., Campanini, N., Maestroni, U., and Ruffini, L. (2023). High Prognostic Value of 68Ga-PSMA PET\/CT in Renal Cell Carcinoma and Association with PSMA Expression Assessed by Immunohistochemistry. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13193082"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2023.111218","article-title":"Potential Role of 68Ga-PSMA PET\/CT in Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer: A Prospective Study","volume":"170","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2022.08.001","article-title":"Impact of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography\/Computed Tomography in the Management of Oligometastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"44","author":"Udovicich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-024-01904-w","article-title":"Role of PSMA-Targeted PET-CT in Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"38","author":"Singhal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2010.03.015","article-title":"Carbonic Anhydrase IX in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Implications for Prognosis, Diagnosis, and Therapy","volume":"58","author":"Stillebroer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.41.2445","article-title":"Positron Emission Tomography\/Computed Tomography Identification of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Results From the REDECT Trial","volume":"31","author":"Divgi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-013-2679-1","article-title":"Pairwise Comparison of 89Zr- and 124I-Labeled cG250 Based on Positron Emission Tomography Imaging and Nonlinear Immunokinetic Modeling: In Vivo Carbonic Anhydrase IX Receptor Binding and Internalization in Mouse Xenografts of Clear-Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"41","author":"Cheal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.04.026","article-title":"Positron Emission Tomography\/Computed Tomography with 89Zr-Girentuximab Can Aid in Diagnostic Dilemmas of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Suspicion","volume":"74","author":"Hekman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00402-9","article-title":"[89Zr]Zr-Girentuximab for PET\u2013CT Imaging of Clear-Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Prospective, Open-Label, Multicentre, Phase 3 Trial","volume":"25","author":"Shuch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.123.267175","article-title":"First-in-Human Safety, Imaging, and Dosimetry of a Carbonic Anhydrase IX\u2013Targeting Peptide, [68 Ga]Ga-DPI-4452, in Patients with Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"65","author":"Hofman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-0921","article-title":"[89Zr]Zr-DFO-Girentuximab and [18F]FDG PET\/CT to Predict Watchful Waiting Duration in Patients with Metastatic Clear-Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Verhoeff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyae075","article-title":"Evaluation of PET\/CT Imaging with [89Zr]Zr-DFO-Girentuximab: A Phase 1 Clinical Study in Japanese Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma (Zirdac-JP)","volume":"54","author":"Nakaigawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e220749","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.220749","article-title":"FAPI PET: Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitor Use in Oncologic and Nononcologic Disease","volume":"306","author":"Mori","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-023-06461-4","article-title":"The Role of [68 Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 PET\/CT in Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Preliminary Study","volume":"51","author":"Civan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2024.04.004","article-title":"The Cutting Edge: Promising Oncology Radiotracers in Clinical Development","volume":"105","author":"Oldan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2023.02.001","article-title":"FAPI-Avid Nonmalignant PET\/CT Findings: An Expedited Systematic Review","volume":"53","author":"Bentestuen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-020-02678-1","article-title":"A Radiomics Machine Learning-Based Redefining Score Robustly Identifies Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer in Equivocal PI-RADS Score 3 Lesions","volume":"45","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/2\/195\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T05:27:59Z","timestamp":1767936479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/2\/195"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers18020195"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers18020195","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]}}}