{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:42:03Z","timestamp":1791999723009,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"COECyTJAL, 2025 Fondo de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico de Jalisco (FODECIJAL) para Atender Retos Sociales","award":["11918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11918"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and the second most common cancer among men. Treatment options depend on factors like age, androgen sensitivity, PSA levels, Gleason score, TNM stage, and recurrence risk. Available treatments include hormonal therapy, radiation, surgery, and chemotherapy. Early immunological treatments were limited by poor lymphocyte infiltration and an immunosuppressive environment. Today, strategies such as dendritic cell vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and adoptive cell therapy (ACT) are used. ACT, especially CAR T-cell strategies, aims to overcome traditional treatment limitations, particularly in advanced and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), though it remains in early development. Personalized medicine uses molecular insights from the diseased tissue to tailor treatments. Variability in patient response, due to tumor heterogeneity and prior treatments, highlights the importance of personalized and combination therapies as future strategies for effective immunotherapy. This review explores the current landscape of PCa. We analyze treatment guidelines established by NCCN and EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-ISUP-SIOG. We comprehensively examine immunotherapeutic strategies currently available or under investigation for prostate cancer, with particular emphasis on ICIs, ACT with a focus on CAR T-cell therapy, combination approaches and therapeutic synergies, and predictive biomarkers of immunotherapy response. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and future directions in the implementation of immunotherapy for the management of prostate cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18020255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T11:01:14Z","timestamp":1768388474000},"page":"255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Immunotherapeutic Strategies for Prostate Cancer: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6365-8367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana K.","family":"Flores-Islas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en C\u00e1ncer e Infecciones, Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4377-401X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Rico-Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en C\u00e1ncer e Infecciones, Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Sierra-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad M\u00e9dica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional de Occidente, Divis\u00f3n de Epidemiolog\u00eda, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Urolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariel","family":"Garc\u00eda-Chagoll\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Laura","family":"Pereira-Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en C\u00e1ncer e Infecciones, Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1804-6061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Sergio","family":"Zepeda-Nu\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Diagn\u00f3stico de Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7555-9851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Moreno-Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Gen\u00e9tica Humana \u201cDr. Enrique Corona Rivera\u201d, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Genomica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6743-1054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Ram\u00edrez-de-Arellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en C\u00e1ncer e Infecciones, Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, October 21). 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