{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T11:28:18Z","timestamp":1788262098547,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The clinical management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (Pan-NENs) is complicated by the disease\u2019s intrinsic variability, which creates significant hurdles for accurate risk profiling and the standardization of treatment protocols. Recently, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has offered a promising avenue to address these challenges. By integrating and processing high-dimensional multimodal datasets (encompassing clinical history, radiomics, and pathology), these computational tools can refine survival forecasts and support the development of personalized medicine. However, the transition from experimental success to routine clinical use is currently obstructed by reliance on limited, retrospective cohorts that lack external validation, alongside unresolved concerns regarding algorithmic transparency and ethical governance. This review evaluates the current landscape of AI-driven prognostic modeling for Pan-NENs and critically examines the pathway towards their reliable integration into clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18020306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T08:36:33Z","timestamp":1768898193000},"page":"306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Predicting the Unpredictable: AI-Driven Prognosis in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9553-7684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elettra","family":"Merola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Pirino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9144-9038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Marcucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) Unit, Department of General Surgery, Santa Chiara Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS), 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1898-4736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franca","family":"Chierichetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Santa Chiara Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS), 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1353-0935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Michielan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Santa Chiara Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS), 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1712-4582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Bernardoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Santa Chiara Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS), 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5875-7952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Gabbrielli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Santa Chiara Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS), 38122 Trento, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Medical Sciences (CISMed), University of Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7305-3531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Pina","family":"Dore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8367-5649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Fanciulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6362-9055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Brolese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) Unit, Department of General Surgery, Santa Chiara Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS), 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70001","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.70001","article-title":"Incidence of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs): An updated systematic review of population-based reports from 2010 to 2023","volume":"37","author":"Nordstrand","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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