{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:56:48Z","timestamp":1787925408792,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Liver cancer is among the most frequent poor-prognosis malignancies worldwide, with currently insufficient effective treatment. The two-stage microwave hyperthermia using magnetic nanoparticles is a modern technique designed to specifically target tumor tissues and facilitate chemotherapy activation, with promising results from fundamental studies across various tumor types. The method consists of a first irradiation, performed before nano-assemblies administration. This is intended to sensitize the tumor by inducing a hyperthermic effect, leading to increasing blood supply, enhancing endothelial damage\/permeation and inflammatory activation, with the final goal of improving the diffusion\/retention of nano-assemblies in the tumor. Subsequently, the second microwave irradiation follows the injection in the hepatic artery and diffusion in the tumor of the activated nano-assemblies, to further determine a strong, but localized and focalized hyperthermic action. Nano-magnetic assemblies for hyperthermia accomplish the proposed chemo-thermal delivery, i.e., act per se on the tumor and also destabilize co-administered assemblies of nanoparticles loaded with chemotherapeutics, which would be consequently released locally in the most efficient way. This article aims to demonstrate the efficacy of this therapeutic approach in a rat liver model and its potential applicability in patients with liver tumors. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were used to obtain liver samples, which were divided into three groups, each receiving a different hyperthermia protocol in terms of temperature (41\u201345 \u00b0C), duration, and co-administration of nanoparticles. Results: The most suitable exposure temperature for rat liver appears to be 42 \u00b0C, resulting in vacuolar degeneration lesions at the focal level. The effects of thermal conditioning do not appear to be homogeneous in the tested liver, and the controlling environment and methodology should be improved in the near future. The level of hepatic inflammation, as indicated by elevated interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) levels, appears negligible under the current hyperthermia protocol. Conclusions: Two-stage microwave hyperthermia using magnetic nanoparticles is a promising therapeutic modality for liver cancer, with promising results from animal studies opening the way for further research in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18020330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T08:48:08Z","timestamp":1768985288000},"page":"330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Two-Stage Microwave Hyperthermia Using Magnetic Nanoparticles for Optimal Chemotherapy Activation in Liver Cancer: Concept and Preliminary Tests on Wistar Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Oliver Daniel","family":"Schreiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Specialties III, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Medical Oncology Department, Regional Institute of Oncology, 700483 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4495-4004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas Gabriel","family":"Schreiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Specialties III, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"First Neurology Clinic, \u201cN. Oblu\u201d Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9087-8893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucian","family":"Miron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Specialties III, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Medical Oncology Department, Regional Institute of Oncology, 700483 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romeo Cristian","family":"Ciobanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003264","article-title":"Global epidemiology of liver cancer 2022: An emphasis on geographic disparities","volume":"137","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.08.021","article-title":"Global burden of primary liver cancer in 2020 and predictions to 2040","volume":"77","author":"Rumgay","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, H., Li, M., Lei, Q., Luo, Z., Xue, Y., Yao, D., Lai, Y., Ung, C.O.L., and Hu, H. (2022). Economic Burden and Quality of Life of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Greater China: A Systematic Review. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.801981"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mantziari, S., St Amour, P., Abboretti, F., Teixeira-Farinha, H., Gaspar Figueiredo, S., Gronnier, C., Schizas, D., Demartines, N., and Sch\u00e4fer, M. (2023). A Comprehensive Review of Prognostic Factors in Patients with Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15051628"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monroy, D.C., Iba\u00f1ez-Pinilla, M., Sabogal, J.C., Rey Chaves, C., Isaza-Restrepo, A., Gir\u00f3n, F., Vanegas, M., Iba\u00f1ez-Villalba, R., Mirow, L., and Siepmann, T. (2023). Survival Outcomes of Hepatectomy in Gastric Cancer Liver Metastasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020704"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2020.100134","article-title":"New frontiers in liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"2","author":"Allaire","year":"2020","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S113","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2010.4.S1.S113","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: Pros and cons","volume":"4","author":"Rhim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbier, C.E., Heindryckx, F., and Lennern\u00e4s, H. (2021). Limitations and Possibilities of Transarterial Chemotherapeutic Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222313051"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ermi, A.G., and Sarkar, D. (2024). Resistance to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): Clinical Implications and Potential Strategies to Overcome the Resistance. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16233944"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-023-03183-3","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors in gastrointestinal malignancies: An Umbrella review","volume":"24","author":"Noori","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"4614","article-title":"Clinical use of trastuzumab combined with different chemotherapy regimens in multi-line treatment of advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive gastric cancer: A case report","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crezee, J., Franken, N.A.P., and Oei, A.L. (2021). Hyperthermia-Based Anti-Cancer Treatments. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13061240"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.05.093","article-title":"Non-lethal heat treatment of cells results in reduction of tumor initiation and metastatic potential","volume":"464","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2016.19","article-title":"Hyperthermia: How Can It Be Used?","volume":"31","author":"Behrouzkia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oman Med. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palzer, J., Eckstein, L., Slabu, I., Reisen, O., Neumann, U., and Roeth, A. (2021). Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Based Hyperthermia as a Treatment Option in Various Gastrointestinal Malignancies. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11113013"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldea, I., Iacovi\u021b\u0103, C., Gurgu, R.A., Vizitiu, A.S., Razniceanu, V., and Mitrea, D.R. (2025). Magnetic Hyperthermia with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: From Toxicity Challenges to Cancer Applications. Nanomaterials, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202508.0830.v1"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c06244","article-title":"Improvement of Hyperthermia Properties of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Surface Coating","volume":"8","author":"Vassalo","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11587","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA00728C","article-title":"Iron oxide based magnetic nanoparticles for hyperthermia, MRI and drug delivery applications: A review","volume":"15","author":"Ghazi","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102070","article-title":"Magnetic hyperthermia in oncology: Nanomaterials-driven combinatorial strategies for synergistic therapeutic gains","volume":"33","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2023.12.149","article-title":"A two-stage exacerbated hypoxia nanoengineering strategy induced amplifying activation of tirapazamine for microwave hyperthermia-chemotherapy of breast cancer","volume":"659","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Colloid. Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Priester, M.I., Curto, S., Seynhaeve, A.L.B., Perdomo, A.C., Amin, M., Agnass, P., Salimibani, M., Faridi, P., Prakash, P., and van Rhoon, G.C. (2021). Preclinical Studies in Small Animals for Advanced Drug Delivery Using Hyperthermia and Intravital Microscopy. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13205146"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AVMA Panel on Euthanasia, and American Veterinary Medical Association (2001). 2000 Report of the AVMA Panel on Euthanasia. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 218, 669\u2013696.","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.669"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4973","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S35140","article-title":"Biocompatibility of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and their cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2023.106552","article-title":"Biocompatibility of magnetic nanoparticles synthesized through green routed with a focus on hematological and histological analysis","volume":"137","author":"Fakhri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioorganic Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19000","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46287-6","article-title":"Green synthesis of biocompatible Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles using Citrus Sinensis peels extract for their biological activities and magnetic-hyperthermia applications","volume":"13","author":"Eldeeb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciobanu, R., and Schreiner, C. (2014, January 11\u201312). Dielectric spectroscopy of biological tissues with targeted Fe2O3 drug delivery systems in support of RF\/MW-hyperthermal control. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA), Lisboa, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/MeMeA.2014.6860041"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2025, November 05). Compilation of the Dielectric Properties of Body Tissues at Rf and Microwave Frequencies, Institute for Applied Physics, Florence, Italy. Available online: https:\/\/niremf.ifac.cnr.it\/docs\/DIELECTRIC\/Report.html."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miklav\u010di\u010d, D., Pav\u0161elj, N., and Hart, F. (2006). Electric Properties of Tissues. Wiley Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471740360.ebs0403"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2011.08.007","article-title":"Dielectric properties of tissues; variation with age and their relevance in exposure of children to electromagnetic fields; state of knowledge","volume":"107","author":"Peyman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/003","article-title":"The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. Parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues","volume":"41","author":"Gabriel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2025, November 05). CST Studio Suite Software. Available online: https:\/\/www.3ds.com\/products\/simulia\/electromagnetic-simulation."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciobanu, R., Damian, R.F., Schreiner, C.M., Aradoaei, M., Sover, A., and Raichur, A.M. (2023). Simulation of Dielectric Properties of Nanocomposites with Non-Uniform Filler Distribution. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15071636"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciobanu, R., Villalba, J.B., Schreiner, T., and Tamba, B. (2014, January 15\u201317). Thermal Simulation of Biological Tissues with Magnetite Microinsertions Under Microwave Energy in Support of Chemo-Hyperthermal Delivery. Proceedings of the 20th IMEKO TC4 International Symposium and 18th International Workshop on ADC Modelling and Testing, Benevento, Italy. Available online: https:\/\/www.imeko.org\/publications\/tc4-2014\/IMEKO-TC4-2014-320.pdf.","DOI":"10.21014\/acta_imeko.v4i3.289"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tudorancea, I., Porumb, V., Trandab\u0103\u0163, A., Neaga, D., Tamba, B., Iliescu, R., and Dimofte, G.M. (2017). New experimental model for single liver lobe hyperthermia in small animals using non-directional microwaves. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184810"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109154","article-title":"Enhancing liver cancer treatment: Exploring the frequency effects of magnetic nanoparticles for heat-based tumor therapy with microwaves","volume":"203","author":"Fakhradini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.103741","article-title":"Optimization of power used in liver cancer microwave therapy by injection of Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs)","volume":"120","author":"Minbashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104117","article-title":"A numerical study on optimization of microwave antenna power for liver cancer therapy enhanced with hybrid magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"129","author":"Fakhradini","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-025-06621-1","article-title":"External microwave applicators for hyperthermia therapy: A review","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciobanu, R., Damian, R., Schreiner, T., and Iliescu, R. (2014, January 16\u201318). A LabVIEW based data acquisition system for temperature measurement of animal liver tissue with different procentage of magnetic insertions in microwave frequency range. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference and Exposition on Electrical and Power Engineering (EPE), Iasi, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEPE.2014.6970039"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075703","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/23\/7\/075703","article-title":"A noninvasive, remote and precise method for temperature and concentration estimation using magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"23","author":"Zhong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"094905","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4896121","article-title":"Real-time magnetic nanothermometry: The use of magnetization of magnetic nanoparticles assessed under low frequency triangle-wave magnetic fields","volume":"85","author":"Zhong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13330","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13330","article-title":"Analysis of serum and gene expression profile of cytokines (IL-6, TNF-\u03b1 and TGF-\u03b21) in chronic hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"10","author":"Noh","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.3390\/ceramics6030099","article-title":"Phase Composition and Magnetic Properties of Nanoparticles with Magnetite\u2013Maghemite Structure","volume":"6","author":"Andronenko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ceramics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5883","DOI":"10.3402\/nano.v2i0.5883","article-title":"Anisotropic nanomaterials: Structure, growth, assembly, and functions","volume":"2","author":"Sajanlal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nano Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6b00473","article-title":"Surface Coating of Nanoparticles Reduces Background Inflammatory Activity while Increasing Particle Uptake and Delivery","volume":"3","author":"Moser","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horne, J., Beckers, P., Sacr\u00e9, P.-Y., De Bleye, C., Francotte, P., Thelen, N., Hubert, P., Ziemons, E., and Hubert, C. (2024). Optimisation of a Microwave Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by a Quality by Design Approach to Improve SERS Analytical Performances. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4688330"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scutigliani, E.M., Liang, Y., Crezee, H., Kanaar, R., and Krawczyk, P.M. (2021). Modulating the Heat Stress Response to Improve Hyperthermia-Based Anticancer Treatments. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13061243"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"e65870","article-title":"A Computational Modeling Approach to Investigate the Influence of Hyperthermia on the Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"2023","author":"Bottiglieri","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fortunato, S., Lasorella, C., Dipierro, N., Vita, F., and de Pinto, M.C. (2023). Redox Signaling in Plant Heat Stress Response. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030605"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagai, M., and Kaji, H. (2023). Thermal Effect on Heat Shock Protein 70 Family to Prevent Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13050867"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-015-0462-0","article-title":"Effects of hyperthermia on DNA repair pathways: One treatment to inhibit them all","volume":"10","author":"Oei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2012.02.006","article-title":"Hyperthermia induces cytoskeletal alterations and mitotic catastrophe in p53-deficient H1299 lung cancer cells","volume":"115","author":"Pawlik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, G.Y., Kim, M.J., Kim, H.I., Park, J., and Baek, S.H. (2022). Hyperthermia Treatment as a Promising Anti-Cancer Strategy: Therapeutic Targets, Perspective Mechanisms and Synergistic Combinations in Experimental Approaches. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11040625"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2004.04.012","article-title":"Effects of hyperthermia on the differentiation and growth of K562 erythroleukemic cell line","volume":"28","author":"Goliaei","year":"2004","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3793","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.40805","article-title":"Comprehensive understanding of magnetic hyperthermia for improving antitumor therapeutic efficacy","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-022-01124-4","article-title":"Modeling of interstitial microwave hyperthermia for hepatic tumors using floating sleeve antenna","volume":"45","author":"Eltigani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Eng. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1517\/14656560802677874","article-title":"Lyso-thermosensitive liposomal doxorubicin: A novel approach to enhance efficacy of thermal ablation of liver cancer","volume":"10","author":"Poon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2013.834383","article-title":"A three-dimensional visualisation preoperative treatment planning system in microwave ablation for liver cancer: A preliminary clinical application","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1039\/D1BM01963E","article-title":"Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia: Recent advancements, molecular effects, and future directions in the omics era","volume":"10","author":"Pucci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8432","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.4350","article-title":"Hyperthermia ablation combined with transarterial chemoembolization versus monotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Med."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/2\/330\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T08:56:35Z","timestamp":1768985795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/2\/330"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers18020330"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers18020330","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]}}}