{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T21:30:28Z","timestamp":1789421428214,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy in men, characterized by significant genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity, which complicates both diagnosis and treatment processes. Epigenetic mechanisms\u2014including DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, and dysregulated non-coding RNAs (miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs)\u2014contribute to tumor initiation, progression, and therapy resistance, offering promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker opportunities. Liquid biopsy technologies, such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and exosomes, allow minimally invasive, real-time monitoring of tumor evolution and resistance mechanisms, complementing traditional biomarkers like PSA and supporting precision oncology approaches. Clinically implemented assays, including PCA3, ConfirmMDx, and ExoDx Prostate, along with emerging multi-analyte panels, enhance risk stratification, reduce unnecessary biopsies, and guide therapeutic decisions. Integration of epigenetic and liquid biopsy biomarkers into multimodal diagnostic pathways has the potential to support personalized management of prostate cancer; however, many still require further validation and optimization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18030389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:05:27Z","timestamp":1769504727000},"page":"389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Epigenetic and Liquid Biopsy Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer: Bridging Tumor Heterogeneity and Clinical Implementation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8728-6927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Robaczy\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2698-6692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Maj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9398-3592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Kilja\u0144czyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland"},{"name":"Read-Gene, ul. Alabastrowa 8, Grzepnica, 72-003 Dobra, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Pomeranian Medical University Hospital No. 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Pastuszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Reducha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Nurkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8050-1507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Kilja\u0144czyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland"},{"name":"Read-Gene, ul. Alabastrowa 8, Grzepnica, 72-003 Dobra, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2023.08.003","article-title":"Molecular Pathology of Prostate Cancer","volume":"44","author":"Kulac","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"189080","article-title":"Prostate Cancer: Molecular Aspects, Consequences, and Opportunities of the Multifocal Nature","volume":"1879","author":"Skotheim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA-Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2019.1675515","article-title":"Clinical Utility of Emerging Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Liquid Biopsies","volume":"20","author":"Boerrigter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.4103\/aja202411","article-title":"Molecular Diagnostics of Prostate Cancer: Impact of Molecular Tests","volume":"26","author":"Azzalini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2020.10.003","article-title":"Molecular Pathology of Prostate Cancer: A Practical Approach","volume":"53","author":"Vlajnic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sekhoacha, M., Riet, K., Motloung, P., Gumenku, L., Adegoke, A., and Mashele, S. (2022). Prostate Cancer Review: Genetics, Diagnosis, Treatment Options, and Alternative Approaches. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175730"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vii33","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz413.119","article-title":"Detection of Actionable Variants in Various Cancer Types Reveals Value of Whole-Genome Sequencing over in-Silico Whole-Exome and Hotspot Panel Sequencing","volume":"30","author":"Patch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.18632\/oncoscience.592","article-title":"Evolving Insights in Blood-Based Liquid Biopsies for Prostate Cancer Interrogation","volume":"10","author":"Bonfil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncoscience"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Neste, L., Bigley, J., Toll, A., Otto, G., Clark, J., Delr\u00e9e, P., Van Criekinge, W., and Epstein, J.I. (2012). A Tissue Biopsy-Based Epigenetic Multiplex PCR Assay for Prostate Cancer Detection. BMC Urol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2490-12-16"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matuszczak, M., Schalken, J.A., and Salagierski, M. (2021). Prostate Cancer Liquid Biopsy Biomarkers\u2019 Clinical Utility in Diagnosis and Prognosis. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13133373"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burlibasa, L., Nicu, A.-T., Chifiriuc, M.C., Medar, C., Petrescu, A., Jinga, V., and Stoica, I. (2023). H3 Histone Methylation Landscape in Male Urogenital Cancers: From Molecular Mechanisms to Epigenetic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1181764"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, B., Shekhar, H., Sahu, A., Kaur, D., Haque, S., Tuli, H.S., Sharma, H., and Sharma, U. (2025). Epigenetic Insights into Prostate Cancer: Exploring Histone Modifications and Their Therapeutic Implications. Front. Oncol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1570193"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafikova, G., Gilyazova, I., Enikeeva, K., Pavlov, V., and Kzhyshkowska, J. (2023). Prostate Cancer: Genetics, Epigenetics and the Need for Immunological Biomarkers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202306.1223.v1"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kral, M., Kurfurstova, D., Zemla, P., Elias, M., and Bouchal, J. (2025). New Biomarkers and Multiplex Tests for Diagnosis of Aggressive Prostate Cancer and Therapy Management. Front. Oncol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1542511"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7279243","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/7279243","article-title":"Glutathione-S-Transferase p1 Gene Promoter Methylation in Cell-Free DNA as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool for Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2023","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hachem, S., Yehya, A., El Masri, J., Mavingire, N., Johnson, J.R., Dwead, A.M., Kattour, N., Bouchi, Y., Kobeissy, F., and Rais-Bahrami, S. (2024). Contemporary Update on Clinical and Experimental Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: A Multi-Omics-Focused Approach to Detection and Risk Stratification. Biology, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13100762"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2025.07.023","article-title":"Re: EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-ISUP-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer","volume":"89","author":"Santiago","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"NCCN (2016). Prostate Cancer Early Detection NCCN 1.2026 Guidelines, NCCN."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Visser, W., de Jong, H., Melchers, W., Mulders, P., and Schalken, J. (2020). Commercialized Blood-, Urinary- and Tissue-Based Biomarker Tests for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12123790"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, J., Chen, J., Zhang, B., Chen, X., Huang, B., Zhuang, J., Mo, C., and Qiu, S. (2013). Association between RASSF1A Promoter Methylation and Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075283"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, T., Diao, Y., Zeng, X., Zhou, L., Wu, G., Liu, J., and Hao, X. (2024). Influential Factors on Urine EV DNA Methylation Detection and Its Diagnostic Potential in Prostate Cancer. Front. Genet., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2024.1338468"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2013.6","article-title":"Urinary Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Hessels","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-019-0716-z","article-title":"Urinary DNA Methylation Biomarkers for Prediction of Prostate Cancer Upgrading and Upstaging","volume":"11","author":"Bakavicius","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedemann, M., Horn, F., Gutewort, K., Tautz, L., Jandeck, C., Bechmann, N., Sukocheva, O., Wirth, M.P., Fuessel, S., and Menschikowski, M. (2021). Increased Sensitivity of Detection of RASSF1A and GSTP1 DNA Fragments in Serum of Prostate Cancer Patients: Optimisation of Diagnostics Using OBBPA-DdPCR. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13174459"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1159\/000488268","article-title":"Clinical Significance of Retinoic Acid Receptor Beta Promoter Methylation in Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"45","author":"Dou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, T., He, B., Pan, Y., Li, R., Xu, Y., Chen, L., Nie, Z., Gu, L., and Wang, S. (2013). The Association of Retinoic Acid Receptor Beta2(RAR\u03b22) Methylation Status and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062950"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9306803","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9306803","article-title":"Discovery and Validation of Serum MicroRNAs as Early Diagnostic Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer in Chinese Population","volume":"2019","author":"Lyu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1667\/RR14185.1","article-title":"MicroRNA-145 Modulates Tumor Sensitivity to Radiation in Prostate Cancer","volume":"184","author":"Gong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2016.233","article-title":"The Utility of Urine-Circulating MiRNAs for Detection of Prostate Cancer","volume":"115","author":"Stuopelyte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10177","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-016-4883-7","article-title":"Differential Blood-Based Diagnosis between Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer: MiRNA as Source for Biomarkers Independent of PSA Level, Gleason Score, or TNM Status","volume":"37","author":"Leidinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tumor Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7757","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14047757","article-title":"Plasma MiRNAs as Biomarkers to Identify Patients with Castration-Resistant Metastatic Prostate Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Watahiki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srivastava, A., Goldberger, H., Dimtchev, A., Ramalinga, M., Chijioke, J., Marian, C., Oermann, E.K., Uhm, S., Kim, J.S., and Chen, L.N. (2013). MicroRNA Profiling in Prostate Cancer\u2014The Diagnostic Potential of Urinary MiR-205 and MiR-214. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076994"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Souza, M.F., Kuasne, H., Barros-Filho, M.d.C., Cili\u00e3o, H.L., Marchi, F.A., Fuganti, P.E., Paschoal, A.R., Rogatto, S.R., and C\u00f3lus, I.M.d.S. (2017). Circulating MRNAs and MiRNAs as Candidate Markers for the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Prostate Cancer. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184094"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2017.50","article-title":"Phase 2 Study of Circulating MicroRNA Biomarkers in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer","volume":"116","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000001020","article-title":"Expression of Small Noncoding RNAs in Urinary Exosomes Classifies Prostate Cancer into Indolent and Aggressive Disease","volume":"204","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2024.102193","article-title":"Selective Targeting of Chemically Modified MiR-34a to Prostate Cancer Using a Small Molecule Ligand and an Endosomal Escape Agent","volume":"35","author":"Abdelaal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.250","article-title":"The Loss of the Tumour-Suppressor MiR-145 Results in the Shorter Disease-Free Survival of Prostate Cancer Patients","volume":"108","author":"Avgeris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prnil.2014.09.001","article-title":"Prognostic Role of MicroRNA-145 in Prostate Cancer: A Systems Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prostate Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23376","article-title":"MiR-145 Detection in Urinary Extracellular Vesicles Increase Diagnostic Efficiency of Prostate Cancer Based on Hydrostatic Filtration Dialysis Method","volume":"77","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yaghoubi, S.M., Zare, E., Jafari Dargahlou, S., Jafari, M., Azimi, M., Khoshnazar, M., Shirjang, S., and Mansoori, B. (2026). MicroRNAs in Prostate Cancer Liquid Biopsies: Early Detection, Prognosis, and Treatment Monitoring. Cells, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15010083"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2024.102294","article-title":"CIRCULATING MiR-1-3p, MiR-96-5p, MiR-148a-3p, and MiR-375-3p Support Differentiation Between Prostate Cancer and Benign Prostate Lesions","volume":"23","author":"Osiecki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Genitourin. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abramovic, I., Vrhovec, B., Skara, L., Vrtaric, A., Nikolac Gabaj, N., Kulis, T., Stimac, G., Ljiljak, D., Ruzic, B., and Kastelan, Z. (2021). MiR-182-5p and MiR-375-3p Have Higher Performance Than PSA in Discriminating Prostate Cancer from Benign Prostate Hyperplasia. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13092068"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-015-0076-2","article-title":"MicroRNA-375 Plays a Dual Role in Prostate Carcinogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Vieira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.07.035","article-title":"Exosomal MiR-1290 and MiR-375 as Prognostic Markers in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer","volume":"67","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.01.107","article-title":"Identification of MiR-187 and MiR-182 as Biomarkers of Early Diagnosis and Prognosis in Patients with Prostate Cancer Treated with Radical Prostatectomy","volume":"192","author":"Calatrava","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30477","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-99754-7","article-title":"Integrating MiRNA Profiling and Machine Learning for Improved Prostate Cancer Diagnosis","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, T., Wang, Y., Jia, J., Mao, X., Stankiewicz, E., Scandura, G., Burke, E., Xu, L., Marzec, J., and Davies, C.R. (2021). The Identification of Plasma Exosomal MiR-423-3p as a Potential Predictive Biomarker for Prostate Cancer Castration-Resistance Development by Plasma Exosomal MiRNA Sequencing. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.602493"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.4661","article-title":"MicroRNA-126 Inhibits Proliferation and Metastasis by Targeting Pik3r2 in Prostate Cancer","volume":"13","author":"SONG","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-024-02400-x","article-title":"Urinary Extracellular Vesicle-Derived MiR-126-3p Predicts Lymph Node Invasion in Patients with High-Risk Prostate Cancer","volume":"41","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moya, L., Meijer, J., Schubert, S., Matin, F., and Batra, J. (2019). Assessment of MiR-98-5p, MiR-152-3p, MiR-326 and MiR-4289 Expression as Biomarker for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20051154"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6653","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24424-w","article-title":"A Plasma Biomarker Panel of Four MicroRNAs for the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Matin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jokovi\u0107, S.M., Dobrijevi\u0107, Z., Kotarac, N., Filipovi\u0107, L., Popovi\u0107, M., Kora\u0107, A., Vukovi\u0107, I., Savi\u0107-Pavi\u0107evi\u0107, D., and Braju\u0161kovi\u0107, G. (2022). MiR-375 and MiR-21 as Potential Biomarkers of Prostate Cancer: Comparison of Matching Samples of Plasma and Exosomes. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13122320"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41525-021-00212-w","article-title":"Urinary Exosome MicroRNA Signatures as a Noninvasive Prognostic Biomarker for Prostate Cancer","volume":"6","author":"Shin","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Genom. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.12954\/PI.12011","article-title":"MicroRNAs in Prostate Cancer","volume":"1","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prostate Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2013.80","article-title":"MiR-205 Is Frequently Downregulated in Prostate Cancer and Acts as a Tumor Suppressor by Inhibiting Tumor Growth","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-021-01677-3","article-title":"MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer Prognosis: A Systematic Review and a Systematic Reanalysis of Public Data","volume":"126","author":"Rana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23295","article-title":"Exosomal and Non-Exosomal Urinary MiRNAs in Prostate Cancer Detection and Prognosis","volume":"77","author":"Foj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13384","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13384","article-title":"Diagnostic Significance of MiR-21, MiR-141, MiR-18a and MiR-221 as Novel Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer among Egyptian Patients","volume":"51","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86785-z","article-title":"Urinary Exosomal MicroRNA Profiling in Intermediate-Risk Prostate Cancer","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waseem, M., Gujrati, H., and Wang, B.-D. (2023). Tumor Suppressive MiR-99b-5p as an Epigenomic Regulator Mediating MTOR\/AR\/SMARCD1 Signaling Axis in Aggressive Prostate Cancer. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1184186"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"26","article-title":"Urine MiR-21-5p and MiR-200c-3p as Potential Non-Invasive Biomarkers in Patients with Prostate Cancer","volume":"46","author":"Danarto","year":"2020","journal-title":"T\u00fcrk Urol. Derg.\/Turk. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abikar, A., Mustafa, M.M.S., Athalye, R.R., Nadig, N., Tamboli, N., Babu, V., Keshavamurthy, R., and Ranganathan, P. (2024). Comparative Transcriptome of Normal and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. BMC Cancer, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-13006-x"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6589","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.27284","article-title":"The Long Non-Coding RNA PCA3: An Update of Its Functions and Clinical Applications as a Biomarker in Prostate Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Lemos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2015.221","article-title":"Urinary PCA3 and TMPRSS2:ERG Reduce the Need for Repeat Biopsy","volume":"12","author":"Sidaway","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2025.169350","article-title":"LncRNA SChLAP1 Promotes Cancer Cell Proliferation and Invasion Via Its Distinct Structural Domains and Conserved Regions","volume":"437","author":"Oh","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.21037\/tau-2025-316","article-title":"SChLAP1 Regulates the Metastasis and Apoptosis of Prostate Cancer Partly via MiR-101","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"170","article-title":"Long Non-Coding RNA in Prostate Cancer","volume":"10","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Exp. Urol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, X., Zeng, Z., Yang, H., Chen, Y., Liu, Y., Zhou, X., Zhang, C., and Wang, G. (2023). Novel Cuproptosis-Related Long Non-Coding RNA Signature to Predict Prognosis in Prostate Carcinoma. BMC Cancer, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-10584-0"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.02.018","article-title":"PCA3 Molecular Urine Test as a Predictor of Repeat Prostate Biopsy Outcome in Men with Previous Negative Biopsies: A Prospective Multicenter Clinical Study","volume":"190","author":"Gittelman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25776","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25776","article-title":"Evaluation of Prostate Cancer Antigen 3 for Detecting Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Cui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)71113-1","article-title":"RNA Biomarkers Associated with Metastatic Progression in Prostate Cancer: A Multi-Institutional High-Throughput Analysis of SChLAP1","volume":"15","author":"Prensner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.12.003","article-title":"Overexpression of the Long Non-Coding RNA SChLAP1 Independently Predicts Lethal Prostate Cancer","volume":"70","author":"Mehra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9494619","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9494619","article-title":"LncRNA PCAT14 Is a Diagnostic Marker for Prostate Cancer and Is Associated with Immune Cell Infiltration","volume":"2021","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stella, M., Russo, G.I., Leonardi, R., Carc\u00f2, D., Gattuso, G., Falzone, L., Ferrara, C., Caponnetto, A., Battaglia, R., and Libra, M. (2024). Extracellular RNAs from Whole Urine to Distinguish Prostate Cancer from Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810079"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, J., Tang, J., Wang, G., and Zhu, Y.-S. (2017). Long Non-Coding RNA as Potential Biomarker for Prostate Cancer: Is It Making a Difference?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14030270"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1914","article-title":"Transcriptome Sequencing across a Prostate Cancer Cohort Identifies PCAT-1, an Unannotated LincRNA Implicated in Disease Progression","volume":"29","author":"Prensner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Ji, J., Lyu, J., Jin, X., He, X., Mo, S., Xu, H., He, J., Cao, Z., and Chen, X. (2021). A Novel Urine Exosomal LncRNA Assay to Improve the Detection of Prostate Cancer at Initial Biopsy: A Retrospective Multicenter Diagnostic Feasibility Study. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13164075"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-022-00283-7","article-title":"Blood-Derived LncRNAs as Biomarkers for Cancer Diagnosis: The Good, the Bad and the Beauty","volume":"6","author":"Badowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, Y., Li, W., Weng, Y., Hua, B., Gu, X., Lu, C., Xu, B., Xu, H., and Wang, Z. (2022). METTL3-Mediated m 6 A Modification of LncRNA MALAT1 Facilitates Prostate Cancer Growth by Activation of PI3K\/AKT Signaling. Cell Transplant., 31.","DOI":"10.1177\/09636897221122997"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, J., Jiang, H., Zhao, Y., Jin, X.R., Li, B., Zhu, Z., Zhang, L., and Liu, J. (2022). Prognostic and Diagnostic Value of CircRNA Expression in Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.945143"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-025-00814-7","article-title":"Circular RNA CircSLC39A10 Promotes Prostate Cancer Progression by Activating Wnt Signaling via the MiR-936\/PROX1\/\u03b2-Catenin Axis","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.15414","article-title":"The Relevance of CircRNAs in Serum of Patients Undergoing Prostate Biopsy","volume":"31","author":"Samirae","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.5306\/wjco.v11.i8.563","article-title":"Circular RNA and Its Potential as Prostate Cancer Biomarkers","volume":"11","author":"Tucker","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2023.07.004","article-title":"Current Advances of Liquid Biopsies in Prostate Cancer: Molecular Biomarkers","volume":"30","author":"Alahdal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Oncolytics"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giunta, E.F., Annaratone, L., Bollito, E., Porpiglia, F., Cereda, M., Banna, G.L., Mosca, A., Marchi\u00f2, C., and Rescigno, P. (2021). Molecular Characterization of Prostate Cancers in the Precision Medicine Era. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13194771"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakari, S., Niels, N.K., Olagunju, G.V., Nnaji, P.C., Ogunniyi, O., Tebamifor, M., Israel, E.N., Atawodi, S.E., and Ogunlana, O.O. (2024). Emerging Biomarkers for Non-Invasive Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer: A Systematic Review. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1405267"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4115","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-24-1096","article-title":"Circulating Tumor DNA Assessment for Treatment Monitoring Adds Value to PSA in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer","volume":"30","author":"Sweeney","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kopytov, S.A., Sagitova, G.R., Guschin, D.Y., Egorova, V.S., Zvyagin, A.V., and Rzhevskiy, A.S. (2025). Circulating Tumor DNA in Prostate Cancer: A Dual Perspective on Early Detection and Advanced Disease Management. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17152589"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2023.2266482","article-title":"Therapeutic Biomarkers in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Does the State Matter?","volume":"61","author":"Slootbeek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03704-9","article-title":"Lutetium-177\u2013PSMA-617 or Cabazitaxel in Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Circulating Tumor DNA Analysis of the Randomized Phase 2 TheraP Trial","volume":"31","author":"Kwan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5034","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-24-1883","article-title":"Plasma CtDNA as a Treatment Response Biomarker in Metastatic Cancers: Evaluation by the RECIST Working Group","volume":"30","author":"Wyatt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33217","article-title":"Liquid Biopsies: Potential and Challenges","volume":"148","author":"Heidrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2024.11.008","article-title":"Circulating Tumor DNA: A New Research Frontier in Urological Oncology from Localized to Metastatic Disease","volume":"8","author":"Garofoli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.3009","article-title":"Prevalence of Inferred Clonal Hematopoiesis (CH) Detected on Comprehensive Genomic Profiling (CGP) of Solid Tumor Tissue or Circulating Tumor DNA (CtDNA)","volume":"39","author":"Antonarakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2021.06.001","article-title":"Technical and Biological Constraints on CtDNA-Based Genotyping","volume":"7","author":"Herberts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2437871","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.37871","article-title":"Circulating Tumor Cell Count and Overall Survival in Patients with Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer","volume":"7","author":"Goldkorn","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-22-0020","article-title":"External Validation of Association of Baseline Circulating Tumor Cell Counts with Survival Outcomes in Men with Metastatic Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer","volume":"21","author":"Swami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-3587","article-title":"Baseline Circulating Tumor Cell Count as a Prognostic Marker of PSA Response and Disease Progression in Metastatic Castrate-Sensitive Prostate Cancer (SWOG S1216)","volume":"27","author":"Goldkorn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brady, L., Hayes, B., Sheill, G., Baird, A.-M., Guinan, E., Stanfill, B., Vlajnic, T., Casey, O., Murphy, V., and Greene, J. (2020). Platelet Cloaking of Circulating Tumour Cells in Patients with Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Results from ExPeCT, a Randomised Controlled Trial. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243928"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ircmb.2024.06.005","article-title":"Advances in Metastatic Prostate Cancer Circulating Tumor Cell Enrichment Technologies and Clinical Studies","volume":"392","author":"Giannakakou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"1529","article-title":"Liquid Biopsy of Circulating Tumor Cells: From Isolation, Enrichment, and Genome Sequencing to Clinical Applications","volume":"40","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-024-00685-8","article-title":"Exosomal PSM-E Inhibits Macrophage M2 Polarization to Suppress Prostate Cancer Metastasis through the RACK1 Signaling Axis","volume":"12","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Y., Wang, J., Luo, H., Wang, Y., Cai, X., Zhang, T., Liao, Y., and Wang, D. (2025). Role of Exosomes in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Front. Oncol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1498733"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J., Yu, C., Jiang, K., Yang, G., Yang, S., Tan, S., Li, T., Liang, H., He, Q., and Wei, F. (2024). Unveiling Potential: Urinary Exosomal MRNAs as Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Early Prostate Cancer Diagnosis. BMC Urol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-024-01540-6"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02021-w","article-title":"Liquid Biopsy in Cancer Current: Status, Challenges and Future Prospects","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-025-01033-x","article-title":"Promises and Pitfalls of Multi-Cancer Early Detection Using Liquid Biopsy Tests","volume":"22","author":"Wan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e949300","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.949300","article-title":"A Review of Circulating Tumor DNA (CtDNA) and the Liquid Biopsy in Cancer Diagnosis, Screening, and Monitoring Treatment Response","volume":"31","author":"Parums","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3820","article-title":"Challenges in Circulating Tumour Cell Research","volume":"14","author":"Pantel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1408617","article-title":"Age-Related Clonal Hematopoiesis Associated with Adverse Outcomes","volume":"371","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2200075","article-title":"Circulating Tumor DNA Analysis Guiding Adjuvant Therapy in Stage II Colon Cancer","volume":"386","author":"Tie","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirschner, M.B., Kao, S.C., Edelman, J.J., Armstrong, N.J., Vallely, M.P., van Zandwijk, N., and Reid, G. (2011). Haemolysis during Sample Preparation Alters MicroRNA Content of Plasma. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024145"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2006.12.014","article-title":"PCA3 Molecular Urine Assay for Prostate Cancer in Men Undergoing Repeat Biopsy","volume":"69","author":"Marks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.11.072","article-title":"Urinary PCA3 Score Predicts Prostate Cancer Multifocality","volume":"185","author":"Devonec","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2023.08.012","article-title":"High Incidence of Cytokine Release Syndrome in Patients with Advanced NSCLC Treated with Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab","volume":"34","author":"Shiraishi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2024.0019","article-title":"Prostate Cancer, Version 3.2024","volume":"22","author":"Schaeffer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-024-00965-0","article-title":"Late-Line Options for Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Review and Evidence-Based Algorithm","volume":"22","author":"Studiale","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2007.01.055","article-title":"Umbilical Stomal Stenosis: A Simple Surgical Revision Technique","volume":"69","author":"Hellenthal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.21145","article-title":"Quantification of Tumor Cell Burden by Analysis of Single Cell Lymph Node Disaggregates in Metastatic Prostate Cancer","volume":"70","author":"Schilling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70081","DOI":"10.1002\/bco2.70081","article-title":"Emerging Tools for the Early Detection of Prostate Cancer","volume":"6","author":"Haider","year":"2025","journal-title":"BJUI Compass"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.04.039","article-title":"Urine TMPRSS2:ERG Plus PCA3 for Individualized Prostate Cancer Risk Assessment","volume":"70","author":"Tomlins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2021.11.033","article-title":"Urinary MyProstateScore (MPS) to Rule out Clinically-Significant Cancer in Men with Equivocal (PI-RADS 3) Multiparametric MRI: Addressing an Unmet Clinical Need","volume":"164","author":"Tosoian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-024-00840-0","article-title":"Evaluation of Blood and Urine Based Biomarkers for Detection of Clinically-Significant Prostate Cancer","volume":"28","author":"Robinson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majewska, Z., Zajkowska, M., P\u0105czek, S., Nowi\u0144ski, A.R., Sok\u00f3lska, W., Gryko, M., and Orywal, K. (2025). The Clinical Relevance of Tumor Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer\u2014A Review. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17233742"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amparore, D., De Cillis, S., Zamengo, D., Ortenzi, M., Alladio, E., Di Nardo, F., Serra, T., Occhipinti, S., Fiori, C., and Porpiglia, F. (2025). A Rapid Urinary Test for Combining PSA and Zinc to Enhance Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: Results from a Prospective Study. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-025-01030-2"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, H., Wu, Y., He, P., Liang, J., Xu, X., and Ji, C. (2024). A Meta-Analysis for the Diagnostic Accuracy of SelectMDx in Prostate Cancer. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285745"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.20240229","article-title":"Prostate Cancer Theragnostics Biomarkers: An Update","volume":"65","author":"AM","year":"2024","journal-title":"Investig. Clin. Urol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferro, M., De Cobelli, O., Lucarelli, G., Porreca, A., Busetto, G.M., Cantiello, F., Damiano, R., Autorino, R., Musi, G., and Vartolomei, M.D. (2020). Beyond PSA: The Role of Prostate Health Index (Phi). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041184"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2016.12.022","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Prostate Health Index and 4-Kallikrein Panel Score in Predicting Overall and High-Grade Prostate Cancer","volume":"15","author":"Russo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Genitourin. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agbetuyi-Tayo, P., Gbadebo, M., Rotimi, O.A., and Rotimi, S.O. (2024). Advancements in Biomarkers of Prostate Cancer: A Review. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat., 23.","DOI":"10.1177\/15330338241290029"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00361-7","article-title":"Prostate Cancer Screening in Men Aged 50\u201369 Years (STHLM3): A Prospective Population-Based Diagnostic Study","volume":"16","author":"Adolfsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J.-Y., Wang, P.-Y., Liu, M.-Z., Lyu, F., Ma, M.-W., Ren, X.-Y., and Gao, X.-S. (2023). Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer: From Diagnosis to Treatment. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13213350"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.210117","article-title":"The Efficacy of Proclarix to Select Appropriate Candidates for Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Derived Prostate Biopsies in Men with Suspected Prostate Cancer","volume":"40","author":"Morote","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Men\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1002\/bco2.448","article-title":"Sequencing the Barcelona-MRI Predictive Model and Proclarix for Improving the Uncertain PI-RADS 3","volume":"5","author":"Morote","year":"2024","journal-title":"BJUI Compass"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/3\/389\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:16:21Z","timestamp":1769505381000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/3\/389"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers18030389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers18030389","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]}}}