{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T22:12:07Z","timestamp":1770156727821,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: By leveraging dedicated datasets and predictive modeling, machine-learning (ML) algorithms can estimate the probability of both short- and long-term outcomes after surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of ML-based models to predict postoperative complications in patients with gastric cancer (GC) undergoing multimodal therapy. In particular, we aimed to develop a free, publicly accessible online calculator based on preoperative variables. Materials and Methods: Patients with histologically confirmed locally advanced (cT2-4N0-3M0) GC who underwent multimodal treatment with curative intent between 2013 and 2023 were included in the study. ML models evaluation pipeline was used with Stratified 5-Fold Cross-Validation. Results: A total of 368 patients were included in the final analytic cohort. Among five algorithm classes under 5-fold cross-validation, Compute Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC AUC) was 0.9719, 0.9652, 0.9796, 0.8339 and 0.7581 for XGBoost, Catboost, Random Forest, SVM and Logistic Regression, respectively. Macro F1 was 0.8714, 0.5094, 0.8820, 0.8714 and 0.4579 for XGBoost, SVM, Random Forest, CatBoost and Logistic Regression, respectively. Overall Accuracy was 0.8897, 0.5980, 0.8885, 0.8750 and 0.5466 for XGBoost, SVM, Random Forest, CatBoost and Logistic Regression models, respectively. Conclusions: In this Central and Eastern European cohort of patients with locally advanced GC, ML models using non-linear decision rules-particularly Random Forest and XGBoost- substantially outperformed conventional linear approaches in predicting the severity of postoperative complications. Prospective external validation is needed to clarify the model\u2019s clinical utility and its potential role in perioperative decision support.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18030443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T16:08:17Z","timestamp":1769702897000},"page":"443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MAGE (Multimodal AI-Enhanced Gastrectomy Evaluation): Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Models for Postoperative Complications in Central European Gastric Cancer Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3718-1472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"G\u00f3rski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwi\u0142\u0142owska 13 St., 20-080 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Kubiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwi\u0142\u0142owska 13 St., 20-080 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2710-513X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir Nour","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwi\u0142\u0142owska 13 St., 20-080 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maksymilian","family":"Podle\u015bny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwi\u0142\u0142owska 13 St., 20-080 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2402-2178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gian Luca","family":"Baiocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Surgical Clinic, University of Brescia, and Third Division of General Surgery, Spedali Civili Di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuele","family":"Gaioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bartlett School of Architecture, University College of London, London WC1H 0QB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. Vincent","family":"Grasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwi\u0142\u0142owska 13 St., 20-080 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Education and Scholarship, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7044-5318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Gumbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwi\u0142\u0142owska 13 St., 20-080 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"H\u00f4pital Antoine B\u00e9cl\u00e8re, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, 157 Rue de la Porte de Trivaux, 92140 Clamart, France"},{"name":"Department of General-, Visceral-, Vascular- and Transplantation Surgery, University of Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7994-9870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy M.","family":"Pawlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bart\u0142omiej","family":"Drop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Medical Statistics with the e-Health Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5667-5570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Chom\u0105towski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwi\u0142\u0142owska 13 St., 20-080 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Medical Statistics with the e-Health Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Pelc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwi\u0142\u0142owska 13 St., 20-080 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"S\u0119d\u0142ak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwi\u0142\u0142owska 13 St., 20-080 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Wo\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Medical Statistics with the e-Health Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2555-2114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Rawicz-Pruszy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwi\u0142\u0142owska 13 St., 20-080 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2022.07.004","article-title":"Gastric cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"33","author":"Lordick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. 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