{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:56:28Z","timestamp":1792083388447,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is an aggressive mature B-cell lymphoma that represents one of the most studied human malignancies. Initially described in equatorial Africa by the Irish surgeon Denis P. Burkitt, African (endemic) Burkitt lymphoma was the first human neoplasm shown to be associated with a virus, the Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV), and also the first human neoplasm shown to harbor a recurrent chromosomal aberration, the t(8;14) (q24;q32) translocation that led to the identification of the central role of the MYC gene in tumorigenesis. In this review, we provide a brief historical introduction, followed by a presentation of important aspects of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and of diagnostic features including morphology, cytogenetics and molecular findings. We also provide a comprehensive overview of the findings convincingly demonstrating that subtyping of BL into EBV-positive and EBV-negative better describes the biological heterogeneity of this lymphoma entity than the historical subtyping into endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated. As the distinction of BL from other B-cell lymphomas is important for providing optimal oncological care, we also discuss the differential diagnosis and how this lymphoma can be distinguished from other aggressive B-cell lymphomas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18040579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T09:16:08Z","timestamp":1770801368000},"page":"579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Burkitt Lymphoma\u2014A Guide to Biological Features, Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5043-6043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Anagnostopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6203-7966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Zam\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2933-005X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heike","family":"Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany"},{"name":"Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of T\u00fcbingen, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5896-3200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annette","family":"Staiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany"},{"name":"Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of T\u00fcbingen, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"German","family":"Ott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.18004619704","article-title":"A sarcoma involving the jaws in African children","volume":"46","author":"Burkitt","year":"1958","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(60)80369-1","article-title":"Malignant tumors in African children. With special reference to malignant lymphoma","volume":"56","author":"Davies","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"159","article-title":"Denis Burkitt and the African lymphoma","volume":"3","author":"Magrath","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecancermedicalscience"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19830515)51:10<1777::AID-CNCR2820511003>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"The discovery of Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"51","author":"Burkitt","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraser, J., Reubi, D., and Cochrane, T. (2024). The model multiple: Representing cancer in sub-Saharan Africa. Hist. Human. Sci., Onlinefirst.","DOI":"10.1177\/09526951241286733"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(64)92354-2","article-title":"Cultivation in Vitro of Human Lymphoblasts from Burkitt\u2019s Malignant Lymphoma","volume":"1","author":"Epstein","year":"1964","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(64)91524-7","article-title":"Virus Particles in Cultured Lymphoblasts from Burkitt\u2019s Lymphoma","volume":"1","author":"Epstein","year":"1964","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1126\/science.157.3792.1064","article-title":"Herpes-type virus and chromosome marker in normal leukocytes after growth with irradiated Burkitt cells","volume":"157","author":"Henle","year":"1967","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910010510","article-title":"Burkitt\u2019s tumour in England. A comparison with childhood lymphosarcoma","volume":"1","author":"Wright","year":"1966","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(196504)18:4<411::AID-CNCR2820180403>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Childhood Lymphoma Resembling \u201cBurkitt Tumor\u201d in the United States","volume":"18","author":"Rappaport","year":"1965","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/237033a0","article-title":"Marker band in one chromosome 14 from Burkitt lymphomas","volume":"237","author":"Manolov","year":"1972","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7824","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.24.7824","article-title":"Human c-myc onc gene is located on the region of chromosome 8 that is translocated in Burkitt lymphoma cells","volume":"79","author":"Bregni","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910060102","article-title":"Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma and malaria","volume":"6","author":"Kafuko","year":"1970","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, H.M., Liu, H., Chin, P.J., Li, B., Hung, G.C., Tsai, S., Otim, I., Legason, I.D., Ogwang, M.D., and Reynolds, S.J. (2022). Epstein-Barr Virus in Burkitt Lymphoma in Africa Reveals a Limited Set of Whole Genome and LMP-1 Sequence Patterns: Analysis of Archival Datasets and Field Samples From Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.812224"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-5379(93)90009-T","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus markers in a series of Burkitt\u2019s lymphomas from the West Nile District, Uganda","volume":"19","author":"Geser","year":"1983","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.12424","article-title":"Clinical and demographic characteristics of Epstein-Barr virus-associated childhood Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma in Southeastern Brazil: Epidemiological insights from an intermediate risk region","volume":"93","author":"Hassan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12078","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus patterns in US Burkitt lymphoma tumors from the SEER residual tissue repository during 1979\u20132009","volume":"122","author":"Mbulaiteye","year":"2014","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3726","article-title":"Tumor-suppressor genes that escape from X-inactivation contribute to cancer sex bias","volume":"49","author":"Dunford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17874","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus status of sporadic Burkitt lymphoma is associated with patient age and mutational features","volume":"196","author":"Richter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-020-00014-2","article-title":"Sex- and age-related trajectories of the adult human gut microbiota shared across populations of different ethnicities","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24934","article-title":"Trimodal age-specific incidence patterns for Burkitt lymphoma in the United States, 1973-2005","volume":"126","author":"Mbulaiteye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"3","article-title":"Sero-epidemiology of the Epstein-Barr virus: Preliminary analysis of an international study\u2014A review","volume":"11","author":"Day","year":"1975","journal-title":"IARC Sci. Publ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit321","article-title":"Age-specific prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus infection among individuals aged 6-19 years in the United States and factors affecting its acquisition","volume":"208","author":"Balfour","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890150103","article-title":"The seroepidemiology of infection due to Epstein-Barr virus in southern India","volume":"15","author":"Venkitaraman","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu342","article-title":"Age-specific prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus infection among Minnesota children: Effects of race\/ethnicity and family environment","volume":"59","author":"Condon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis646","article-title":"Behavioral, virologic, and immunologic factors associated with acquisition and severity of primary Epstein-Barr virus infection in university students","volume":"207","author":"Balfour","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.2002.1022","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of infectious mononucleosis?","volume":"45","author":"Morris","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.2006.01936.x","article-title":"Prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in Japan: Trends and future prediction","volume":"56","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pathol. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29960","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29960","article-title":"Analysis of the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of Epstein-Barr virus infection","volume":"96","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-019-0236-7","article-title":"The burden of Burkitt lymphoma in Africa","volume":"14","author":"Hammerl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Agent. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"41","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus and malaria in relation to Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma in Papua New Guinea","volume":"29","author":"Moss","year":"1986","journal-title":"Papua N. Guin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27275","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.27275","article-title":"The changing clinical pattern of endemic Burkitt lymphoma in Western Africa: Experience from a tertiary center in Ghana","volume":"65","author":"Offor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mutalima, N., Molyneux, E., Jaffe, H., Kamiza, S., Borgstein, E., Mkandawire, N., Liomba, G., Batumba, M., Lagos, D., and Gratrix, F. (2008). Associations between Burkitt lymphoma among children in Malawi and infection with HIV, EBV and malaria: Results from a case-control study. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002505"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2025746","article-title":"Burkitt\u2019s Lymphoma","volume":"387","author":"Roschewski","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)92740-4","article-title":"Outbreak of Burkitt\u2019s-like lymphoma in homosexual men","volume":"2","author":"Ziegler","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4715","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27482","article-title":"Burkitt post-transplantation lymphoma in adult solid organ transplant recipients: Sequential immunochemotherapy with rituximab (R) followed by cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) or R-CHOP is safe and effective in an analysis of 8 patients","volume":"118","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4430","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.11.973","article-title":"AIDS-related Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma versus diffuse large-cell lymphoma in the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and HAART eras: Significant differences in survival with standard chemotherapy","volume":"23","author":"Lim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCP64YOHAWLUMPK","article-title":"Burkitt lymphoma in Brazil is characterized by geographically distinct clinicopathologic features","volume":"130","author":"Queiroga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V93.2.758","article-title":"What is Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma and when is it endemic?","volume":"93","author":"Wright","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-022-01620-2","article-title":"The 5th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Haematolymphoid Tumours: Lymphoid Neoplasms","volume":"36","author":"Alaggio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1089","article-title":"Endemic Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma: A polymicrobial disease?","volume":"3","author":"Rochford","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arisue, N., Chagaluka, G., Palacpac, N.M.Q., Johnston, W.T., Mutalima, N., Peprah, S., Bhatia, K., Borgstein, E., Liomba, G.N., and Kamiza, S. (2021). Assessment of Mixed Plasmodium falciparum sera5 Infection in Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma: A Case-Control Study in Malawi. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13071692"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.09.037","article-title":"Evaluating the Causal Link Between Malaria Infection and Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma in Northern Uganda: A Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"25","author":"Legason","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-025-02690-8","article-title":"A genome-wide association study identifies an African-specific locus on chromosome 21q22.12 associated with Burkitt lymphoma risk and survival","volume":"39","author":"Dutta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-01052-w","article-title":"Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma in second-degree relatives in Northern Uganda: In-depth genome-wide analysis suggests clues about genetic susceptibility","volume":"35","author":"Gouveia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605947","article-title":"Microgeographic variations in Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma incidence correlate with differences in malnutrition, malaria and Epstein-Barr virus","volume":"103","author":"Sumba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2017.12.004","article-title":"Plasma magnesium is inversely associated with Epstein-Barr virus load in peripheral blood and Burkitt lymphoma in Uganda","volume":"52","author":"Ravell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002528","article-title":"Cancer risk following lymphoid malignancies among HIV-infected people","volume":"34","author":"Mahale","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0215(20010601)92:5<622::AID-IJC1256>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"A case-control study of human immunodeficiency virus infection and cancer in adults and children residing in Kampala, Uganda","volume":"92","author":"Newton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001918","article-title":"Brief Report: Malignancies in Adults Living With HIV in Asia","volume":"80","author":"Jiamsakul","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.03.003","article-title":"MYC on the path to cancer","volume":"149","author":"Dang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00404-3","article-title":"Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"8","author":"Lopez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00078-7","article-title":"Class switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme","volume":"102","author":"Muramatsu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-03-842088","article-title":"IG-MYC (+) neoplasms with precursor B-cell phenotype are molecularly distinct from Burkitt lymphomas","volume":"132","author":"Wagener","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08578-3","article-title":"Genomic and transcriptomic changes complement each other in the pathogenesis of sporadic Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"10","author":"Lopez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055351","article-title":"A biologic definition of Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma from transcriptional and genomic profiling","volume":"354","author":"Hummel","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2410","article-title":"MYC translocation-negative classical Burkitt lymphoma cases: An alternative pathogenetic mechanism involving miRNA deregulation","volume":"216","author":"Leucci","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6164","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401471101","article-title":"Bim is a suppressor of Myc-induced mouse B cell leukemia","volume":"101","author":"Egle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-03-212670","article-title":"Suppression of B-cell lymphomagenesis by the BH3-only proteins Bmf and Bad","volume":"115","author":"Frenzel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2008.195","article-title":"Puma and to a lesser extent Noxa are suppressors of Myc-induced lymphomagenesis","volume":"16","author":"Michalak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6462","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2008.312","article-title":"Apoptotic signaling by c-MYC","volume":"27","author":"Hoffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11378","article-title":"Burkitt lymphoma pathogenesis and therapeutic targets from structural and functional genomics","volume":"490","author":"Schmitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2469","article-title":"Recurrent mutation of the ID3 gene in Burkitt lymphoma identified by integrated genome, exome and transcriptome sequencing","volume":"44","author":"Richter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.06.012","article-title":"Synergy between PI3K signaling and MYC in Burkitt lymphomagenesis","volume":"22","author":"Sander","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-09-871418","article-title":"Genome-wide discovery of somatic coding and noncoding mutations in pediatric endemic and sporadic Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"133","author":"Grande","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a014282","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a014282","article-title":"Oncogenic mechanisms in Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"4","author":"Schmitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81401-4","article-title":"ARF promotes MDM2 degradation and stabilizes p53: ARF-INK4a locus deletion impairs both the Rb and p53 tumor suppression pathways","volume":"92","author":"Zhang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2021.07.041","article-title":"Sequential inverse dysregulation of the RNA helicases DDX3X and DDX3Y facilitates MYC-driven lymphomagenesis","volume":"81","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2385","article-title":"The opposing transcriptional functions of Sin3a and c-Myc are required to maintain tissue homeostasis","volume":"13","author":"Nascimento","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13765","article-title":"Loss of signalling via Galpha13 in germinal centre B-cell-derived lymphoma","volume":"516","author":"Muppidi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910290406","article-title":"Final case reporting from the Ugandan prospective study of the relationship between EBV and Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"29","author":"Geser","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-9378-5-13","article-title":"Elevated anti-Zta IgG levels and EBV viral load are associated with site of tumor presentation in endemic Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma patients: A case control study","volume":"5","author":"Asito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Agent. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V77.5.1092.1092","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus infection precedes clonal expansion in Burkitt\u2019s and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated lymphoma","volume":"77","author":"Neri","year":"1991","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6069","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.9.6069-6073.1994","article-title":"Isolation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-negative cell clones from the EBV-positive Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma (BL) line Akata: Malignant phenotypes of BL cells are dependent on EBV","volume":"68","author":"Shimizu","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02568.x","article-title":"Differences in B cell growth phenotype reflect novel patterns of Epstein-Barr virus latent gene expression in Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma cells","volume":"6","author":"Rowe","year":"1987","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14269","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2336099100","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus provides a survival factor to Burkitt\u2019s lymphomas","volume":"100","author":"Kennedy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0320731","article-title":"HAUSP\/USP7 as an Epstein-Barr virus target","volume":"32","author":"Holowaty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9827","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.12.9827-9831.1999","article-title":"Oncogenic role of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNAs in Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma cell line Akata","volume":"73","author":"Komano","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bristol, J.A., Djavadian, R., Albright, E.R., Coleman, C.B., Ohashi, M., Hayes, M., Romero-Masters, J.C., Barlow, E.A., Farrell, P.J., and Rochford, R. (2018). A cancer-associated Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 promoter variant enhances lytic infection. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007179"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28633","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28633","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus reactivation induces MYC-IGH spatial proximity and t(8;14) in B cells","volume":"95","author":"Sall","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navari, M., Etebari, M., De Falco, G., Ambrosio, M.R., Gibellini, D., Leoncini, L., and Piccaluga, P.P. (2015). The presence of Epstein-Barr virus significantly impacts the transcriptional profile in immunodeficiency-associated Burkitt lymphoma. Front. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00556"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2013.71","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus maintains lymphomas via its miRNAs","volume":"33","author":"Vereide","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mundo, L., Ambrosio, M.R., Picciolini, M., Lo Bello, G., Gazaneo, S., Del Porro, L., Lazzi, S., Navari, M., Onyango, N., and Granai, M. (2017). Unveiling Another Missing Piece in EBV-Driven Lymphomagenesis: EBV-Encoded MicroRNAs Expression in EBER-Negative Burkitt Lymphoma Cases. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00229"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2009.07.007","article-title":"How does Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) complement the activation of Myc in the pathogenesis of Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma?","volume":"19","author":"Allday","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4084","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.9.4084-4092.1990","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus types 1 and 2 differ in their EBNA-3A, EBNA-3B, and EBNA-3C genes","volume":"64","author":"Sample","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02007-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02007-19","article-title":"Epstein-Barr Virus Genomes Reveal Population Structure and Type 1 Association with Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma","volume":"94","author":"Kaymaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-16-0305","article-title":"Comprehensive Transcriptome and Mutational Profiling of Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma Reveals EBV Type-Specific Differences","volume":"15","author":"Kaymaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutcheson, R.L., Chakravorty, A., and Sugden, B. (2020). Burkitt Lymphomas Evolve to Escape Dependencies on Epstein-Barr Virus. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.606412"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-0575-3","article-title":"Frequent traces of EBV infection in Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas classified as EBV-negative by routine methods: Expanding the landscape of EBV-related lymphomas","volume":"33","author":"Mundo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3596","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-08-301556","article-title":"Gene expression analysis uncovers similarity and differences among Burkitt lymphoma subtypes","volume":"117","author":"Piccaluga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.09.062","article-title":"AID is required for the chromosomal breaks in c-myc that lead to c-myc\/IgH translocations","volume":"135","author":"Robbiani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2011.03.003","article-title":"Complex regulation and function of activation-induced cytidine deaminase","volume":"32","author":"Stavnezer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.200014.112","article-title":"Regulation of AID, the B-cell genome mutator","volume":"27","author":"Keim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18667","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1420575111","article-title":"Epigenetic targeting of activation-induced cytidine deaminase","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.18632\/oncoscience.155","article-title":"AID\/APOBEC deaminases and cancer","volume":"2","author":"Rebhandl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncoscience"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002653","article-title":"Frequent expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma tissues from persons living with HIV","volume":"34","author":"Shponka","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2403323","article-title":"Activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression in follicular lymphoma: Association between AID expression and ongoing mutation in FL","volume":"18","author":"Hardianti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oppezzo, P., Navarrete, M., and Chiorazzi, N. (2021). AID in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Induction and Action During Disease Progression. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.634383"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29127","article-title":"AID expression in peripheral blood of children living in a malaria holoendemic region is associated with changes in B cell subsets and Epstein-Barr virus","volume":"136","author":"Wilmore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160120","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus nuclear protein EBNA3C directly induces expression of AID and somatic mutations in B cells","volume":"213","author":"Kalchschmidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2013.769218","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 increases genomic instability through Egr-1-mediated up-regulation of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in B-cell lymphoma","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3859","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-05-021303","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 inhibits AID expression during EBV-driven B-cell growth","volume":"108","author":"Tobollik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2009.10.002","article-title":"Endemic Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma as a polymicrobial disease: New insights on the interaction between Plasmodium falciparum and Epstein-Barr virus","volume":"19","author":"Chene","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.134","article-title":"Plasmodium chabaudi infection induces AID expression in transitional and marginal zone B cells","volume":"4","author":"Wilmore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.019","article-title":"Plasmodium Infection Promotes Genomic Instability and AID-Dependent B Cell Lymphoma","volume":"162","author":"Robbiani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608745104","article-title":"Malaria hemozoin is immunologically inert but radically enhances innate responses by presenting malaria DNA to Toll-like receptor 9","volume":"104","author":"Parroche","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020712-164004","article-title":"Chromosome translocation, B cell lymphoma, and activation-induced cytidine deaminase","volume":"8","author":"Robbiani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.2.800","article-title":"CpG drives human transitional B cells to terminal differentiation and production of natural antibodies","volume":"180","author":"Capolunghi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf005","article-title":"Sustained activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID) expression in B cells following Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection in Kenyan children","volume":"214","author":"Ariera","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Refaeli, Y., Young, R.M., Turner, B.C., Duda, J., Field, K.A., and Bishop, J.M. (2008). The B cell antigen receptor and overexpression of MYC can cooperate in the genesis of B cell lymphomas. PLoS Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060152"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqv011","article-title":"Clonality Analysis of Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement by Next-Generation Sequencing in Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma Suggests Antigen Drive Activation of BCR as Opposed to Sporadic Burkitt Lymphoma","volume":"145","author":"Amato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.12705","article-title":"Molecular analysis of immunoglobulin variable genes in human immunodeficiency virus-related non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma reveals implications for disease pathogenesis and histogenesis","volume":"93","author":"Capello","year":"2008","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V77.7.1516.1516","article-title":"Patterns of chromosomal breakpoint locations in Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma: Relevance to geography and Epstein-Barr virus association","volume":"77","author":"Shiramizu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2748","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.8.2748","article-title":"Different regions of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus are involved in chromosomal translocations in distinct pathogenetic forms of Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"85","author":"Neri","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2984","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.9.2984","article-title":"Chromosomal breakpoints and structural alterations of the c-myc locus differ in endemic and sporadic forms of Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"83","author":"Pelicci","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-01-0168","article-title":"Immunoglobulin gene analysis reveals 2 distinct cells of origin for EBV-positive and EBV-negative Burkitt lymphomas","volume":"106","author":"Bellan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abate, F., Ambrosio, M.R., Mundo, L., Laginestra, M.A., Fuligni, F., Rossi, M., Zairis, S., Gazaneo, S., De Falco, G., and Lazzi, S. (2015). Distinct Viral and Mutational Spectrum of Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005158"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022016534","article-title":"Genetic subgroups inform on pathobiology in adult and pediatric Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"141","author":"Thomas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70042","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.70042","article-title":"Subtyping Burkitt Lymphoma by DNA Methylation","volume":"64","author":"Glaser","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genes Chromosomes Cancer"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V85.8.2176.bloodjournal8582176","article-title":"Analysis of VH genes used by neoplastic B cells in endemic Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma shows somatic hypermutation and intraclonal heterogeneity","volume":"85","author":"Chapman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"1398","article-title":"Burkitt\u2019s lymphomas express VH genes with a moderate number of antigen-selected somatic mutations","volume":"147","author":"Tamaru","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401587","article-title":"Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma is a malignancy of mature B cells expressing somatically mutated V region genes","volume":"1","author":"Klein","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3562","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V88.9.3562.bloodjournal8893562","article-title":"VH and VL gene analysis in sporadic Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma shows somatic hypermutation, intraclonal heterogeneity, and a role for antigen selection","volume":"88","author":"Chapman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2016000794","article-title":"High-throughput sequencing of the B-cell receptor in African Burkitt lymphoma reveals clues to pathogenesis","volume":"1","author":"Lombardo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1002\/jha2.475","article-title":"B-cell receptors of EBV-negative Burkitt lymphoma bind modified isoforms of autoantigens","volume":"3","author":"Bock","year":"2022","journal-title":"EJHaem"},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"Berard, C.W. (1985). Morphological Definition of Burkitt\u2019s Tumour: Historical Review and Present Status. IARC Sci. Publ., 31\u201335. Available online: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/3905589\/."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200403000-00011","article-title":"Florid granulomatous reaction in Epstein-Barr virus-positive nonendemic Burkitt lymphomas: Report of four cases","volume":"28","author":"Haralambieva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000170350.85798.f4","article-title":"Granulomatous reaction in Burkitt lymphoma: Correlation with EBV positivity and clinical outcome","volume":"29","author":"Schrager","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14391","article-title":"Burkitt lymphoma with a granulomatous reaction: An M1\/Th1-polarised microenvironment is associated with controlled growth and spontaneous regression","volume":"80","author":"Granai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1097\/PAI.0000000000000107","article-title":"Diagnostic Utility of the Germinal Center-associated Markers GCET1, HGAL, and LMO2 in Hematolymphoid Neoplasms","volume":"23","author":"Menter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-015-1796-6","article-title":"Pattern of MEF2B expression in lymphoid tissues and in malignant lymphomas","volume":"467","author":"Krenacs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000839","article-title":"LMO2-negative Expression Predicts the Presence of MYC Translocations in Aggressive B-Cell Lymphomas","volume":"41","author":"Colomo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-019-0876-3","article-title":"A combination of LMO2 negative and CD38 positive is useful for the diagnosis of Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13624","article-title":"Clinical and pathological features of Burkitt lymphoma showing expression of BCL2--an analysis including gene expression in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue","volume":"171","author":"Szczepanowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023023242","article-title":"SOX11 expression is restricted to EBV-negative Burkitt lymphoma and is associated with molecular genetic features","volume":"144","author":"Iaccarino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2008.07.021","article-title":"Frequent expression of multiple myeloma 1\/interferon regulatory factor 4 in Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"40","author":"Gualco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.12.013","article-title":"Aberrant lymphocyte enhancer-binding factor 1 expression is characteristic for sporadic Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"182","author":"Walther","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-019-0252-2","article-title":"Molecular switch from MYC to MYCN expression in MYC protein negative Burkitt lymphoma cases","volume":"9","author":"Mundo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambrosio, M.R., Piccaluga, P.P., Ponzoni, M., Rocca, B.J., Malagnino, V., Onorati, M., De Falco, G., Calbi, V., Ogwang, M., and Naresh, K.N. (2012). The alteration of lipid metabolism in Burkitt lymphoma identifies a novel marker: Adipophilin. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044315"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2013.214","article-title":"Rearrangements of MYC gene facilitate risk stratification in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients treated with rituximab-CHOP","volume":"27","author":"Tzankov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e248","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.207290","article-title":"False-negative rates for MYC fluorescence in situ hybridization probes in B-cell neoplasms","volume":"104","author":"King","year":"2019","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024025603","article-title":"Unbalanced MYC break-apart FISH patterns indicate the presence of a MYC rearrangement in HGBCL-DH-BCL2","volume":"144","author":"Collinge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cancergen.2022.12.001","article-title":"Clinical impact of 5(\u2018)MYC or 3(\u2018)MYC gain\/loss detected by FISH in patients with aggressive B-cell lymphomas","volume":"272\u2013273","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Genet."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055759","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"354","author":"Dave","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.13071","article-title":"Chromosomal alterations detected by comparative genomic hybridization in subgroups of gene expression-defined Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"93","author":"Salaverria","year":"2008","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.01314","article-title":"Molecular High-Grade B-Cell Lymphoma: Defining a Poor-Risk Group That Requires Different Approaches to Therapy","volume":"37","author":"Sha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.01583","article-title":"Double-Hit Gene Expression Signature Defines a Distinct Subgroup of Germinal Center B-Cell-Like Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"37","author":"Ennishi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6156","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023010673","article-title":"Comparison of MHG and DZsig reveals shared biology and a core overlap group with inferior prognosis in DLBCL","volume":"7","author":"Davies","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.00033","article-title":"Differential Efficacy From the Addition of Bortezomib to R-CHOP in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma According to the Molecular Subgroup in the REMoDL-B Study With a 5-Year Follow-Up","volume":"41","author":"Davies","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2011.08771.x","article-title":"Diagnosis of Burkitt lymphoma using an algorithmic approach--applicable in both resource-poor and resource-rich countries","volume":"154","author":"Naresh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14594","article-title":"A refined approach to the diagnosis of Burkitt lymphoma in a resource-poor setting","volume":"80","author":"Naresh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-06-507996","article-title":"A recurrent 11q aberration pattern characterizes a subset of MYC-negative high-grade B-cell lymphomas resembling Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"123","author":"Salaverria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001613","article-title":"A Diagnostic Approach to the Identification of Burkitt-like Lymphoma With 11q Aberration in Aggressive B-Cell Lymphomas","volume":"45","author":"Horn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-023-03590-x","article-title":"Emerging entities: High-grade\/large B-cell lymphoma with 11q aberration, large B-cell lymphoma with IRF4 rearrangement, and new molecular subgroups in large B-cell lymphomas. A report of the 2022 EA4HP\/SH lymphoma workshop","volume":"483","author":"Laurent","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_155","unstructured":"WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board (2024). Haematolymphoid Tumours."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2017.186","article-title":"A comprehensive flow-cytometry-based immunophenotypic characterization of Burkitt-like lymphoma with 11q aberration","volume":"31","author":"Rymkiewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-07-864025","article-title":"The mutational landscape of Burkitt-like lymphoma with 11q aberration is distinct from that of Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"133","author":"Wagener","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70021","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.70021","article-title":"MicroRNA Expression in High-Grade B-Cell Lymphoma With 11q Aberration","volume":"64","author":"Fischer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genes Chromosom. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqx139","article-title":"The 11q-Gain\/Loss Aberration Occurs Recurrently in MYC-Negative Burkitt-like Lymphoma With 11q Aberration, as Well as MYC-Positive Burkitt Lymphoma and MYC-Positive High-Grade B-Cell Lymphoma, NOS","volume":"149","author":"Grygalewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2025.100774","article-title":"Cytogenomic and Clinicopathologic Comparison of MYC-Positive and MYC-Negative High-Grade B-Cell Lymphoma With 11q Aberration in the Context of Other Aggressive Lymphomas With MYC Rearrangement","volume":"38","author":"Grygalewicz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-09-297879","article-title":"Double-hit B-cell lymphomas","volume":"117","author":"Aukema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5409","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2025016651","article-title":"High-grade B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: An LLMPP study","volume":"9","author":"Collinge","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018023572","article-title":"High-resolution architecture and partner genes of MYC rearrangements in lymphoma with DLBCL morphology","volume":"2","author":"Chong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-019-0691-6","article-title":"Distinct genetic changes reveal evolutionary history and heterogeneous molecular grade of DLBCL with MYC\/BCL2 double-hit","volume":"34","author":"Cucco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"2493","article-title":"Molecular determinants of clinical outcomes in a real-world diffuse large B-cell lymphoma population","volume":"141","author":"Alduaij","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2025.100710","article-title":"Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma\/High-Grade B-Cell Lymphoma With MYC and BCL6 Rearrangements: A Study of 60 Cases","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-022-01778-9","article-title":"High-grade B-cell lymphoma (HGBL)-NOS is clinicopathologically and genetically more similar to DLBCL\/HGBL-DH than DLBCL","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019002600","article-title":"The double-hit signature identifies double-hit diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with genetic events cryptic to FISH","volume":"134","author":"Hilton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-12-820605","article-title":"High-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 and\/or BCL6 rearrangements with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma morphology","volume":"131","author":"Scott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.70.3660","article-title":"Clinical Impact of the Cell-of-Origin Classification and the MYC\/BCL2 Dual Expresser Status in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Treated Within Prospective Clinical Trials of the German High-Grade Non-Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma Study Group","volume":"35","author":"Staiger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-021-03050-4","article-title":"The \u201cBurkitt-like\u201d immunophenotype and genotype is rarely encountered in diffuse large B cell lymphoma and high-grade B cell lymphoma, NOS","volume":"479","author":"Huttl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2015.34","article-title":"The diagnostic gray zone between Burkitt lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is also a gray zone of the mutational spectrum","volume":"29","author":"Momose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1158\/2643-3230.BCD-24-0240","article-title":"DNA Methylation Epitypes of Burkitt Lymphoma with Distinct Molecular and Clinical Features","volume":"6","author":"Thomas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-025-02533-6","article-title":"Subgrouping germinal center-derived B-cell lymphomas based on machine learning-deduced DNA methylation modules","volume":"39","author":"Glaser","year":"2025","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/path.6476","article-title":"Mutation profiling in differential diagnosis between TdT-positive high-grade\/large B-cell lymphoma and B-lymphoblastic leukaemia\/lymphoma","volume":"267","author":"Tzioni","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lap, C.J., and Dunleavy, K. (2025). Novel Molecular Insights and Evolution of Less Toxic Therapeutic Strategies in Burkitt Lymphoma. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17203372"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5239","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021005682","article-title":"Frequent mutations of FBXO11 highlight BCL6 as a therapeutic target in Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"5","author":"Pighi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Adv."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/4\/579\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T09:37:43Z","timestamp":1770802663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/4\/579"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"references-count":177,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers18040579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers18040579","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]}}}