{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T06:15:31Z","timestamp":1770963331894,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center","award":["OSUCCC-P30CA016058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OSUCCC-P30CA016058"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["R01 CA273924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA273924"]}]},{"name":"NIH Tetramer Core Facility","award":["75N93020D00005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93020D00005"]}]},{"name":"NIH Tetramer Core Facility","award":["RRID:SCR_026557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRID:SCR_026557"]}]},{"name":"Pelotonia Graduate Fellowship Program"},{"name":"OSU Presidential Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a dismal five-year survival rate of 13% and is closely associated with cachexia. Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by irreversible wasting of skeletal muscles, fat loss and systemic inflammation. While cachexia is known to confer resistance to immune checkpoint inhibition in several cancers, the bidirectional relationship between cachexia and the immune system in PDAC remains unclear, necessitating the development of novel preclinical models. Our laboratory has characterized a novel pancreatic cancer cachexia model in C57BL\/6J mice by utilizing the pancreatic cancer cell line called KPCL-4 derived from KPC-LSIY mice (KrasLSL-G12D\/+Tp53LSL-R172H\/+Pdx1-Cre\/R26LSL-LSIY). Methods: KPCL-4 cells were orthotopically injected into the pancreas of male and female C57BL\/6J mice and hallmarks of cachexia were assessed at endpoint by measurement of tumor weight, terminal tumor-adjusted body weight, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver and spleen masses, proteolytic markers and grip strength. Plasma cytokine and chemokine concentrations were quantified by Luminex assay and high-dimensional flow cytometry was used to investigate changes in tumor-infiltrating immune populations. Results: We observed a sex bias in cachexia presentation despite similar tumor weights in male and female mice, whereby males exhibited a &gt;5% decrease in terminal tumor-adjusted body weight (p &lt; 0.001), &gt;50% fat loss (p &lt; 0.001), upregulation of proteolytic markers in skeletal muscles (p &lt; 0.01) and reduction in skeletal muscle mass (p &lt; 0.05), function (p &lt; 0.01) and cross-sectional area (p &lt; 0.0001) whereas females demonstrated conserved skeletal muscle mass with 33% fat loss (p &lt; 0.05), reduction in muscle cross-sectional area (p &lt; 0.0001) and splenomegaly (p &lt; 0.01). While intra-tumoral immune populations did not exhibit sex-specific differences, plasma cytokine concentrations were differentially upregulated in males and females, suggesting functional differences in immune cells as potent drivers of sex bias in KPCL-4-driven cachexia. Conclusions: The KPCL-4 orthotopic PDAC model exhibits prominent hallmarks of cachexia and serves as a novel platform for investigating the complex interplay between cancer cachexia and immunomodulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18040587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T11:13:15Z","timestamp":1770808395000},"page":"587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Novel Mouse Model to Identify Antigen-Specific Immune Responses in Pancreatic Cancer Cachexia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5085-6489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayushi","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3472-2653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debasmita","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"D\u2019Alesio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Wedig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6789-5821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Lathrop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2092-2139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Guenther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7388-5945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeon","family":"Varghese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Remaily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel K.","family":"Kulp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeovanna","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jill A.","family":"Rafael-Fortney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6496-6387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyeongmin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adeoluwa","family":"Adeluola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9180-6426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stacey","family":"Culp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Gunderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1615-5280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitch A.","family":"Phelps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8184-9190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher C.","family":"Coss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, 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