{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:57:35Z","timestamp":1790740655412,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":232,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and a major cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Because HCC usually arises in cirrhotic livers, prognosis is shaped by the dual threats of tumor progression and hepatic decompensation, requiring treatment decisions that balance anticancer efficacy with preservation of liver function, portal hypertension control, and quality of life. In recent years, management has shifted from a predominantly locoregional approach to an integrated continuum that spans curative resection, ablation, and transplantation; refined transarterial and radiotherapy techniques; and modern systemic therapy dominated by immunotherapy-based combinations. These advances have improved response rates, enabled downstaging and conversion in selected patients, and expanded opportunities for sequential and multimodal treatment. However, challenges persist, including therapeutic decision-making in patients with Child\u2013Pugh B liver function, lack of robust predictive biomarkers, and resistance after initial response. Emerging tools\u2014liquid biopsy, radiomics, AI-assisted imaging, and microbiome modulation\u2014may support future precision strategies and optimized treatment allocation. In this review, we summarize current evidence guiding staging and therapy selection, outline practical considerations across curative, locoregional, and systemic modalities, and discuss evolving biomarkers and next-generation immunotherapy as key steps toward more personalized, durable, and equitable global HCC care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18040609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T17:42:13Z","timestamp":1770918133000},"page":"609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Advances in the Therapeutic Landscape of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Strategies and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0760-3045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asahiro","family":"Morishita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe Miki-cho  Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9531-7240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyoko","family":"Oura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe Miki-cho  Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5646-4587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroki","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe Miki-cho  Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rie","family":"Yano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe Miki-cho  Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3227-0801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mai","family":"Nakahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe Miki-cho  Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9975-386X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoko","family":"Tadokoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe Miki-cho  Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe Miki-cho  Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9574-0479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shima","family":"Mimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe Miki-cho  Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joji","family":"Tani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe Miki-cho  Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5726-6905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miwa","family":"Tatsuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology KKR Takamatsu Hospital, Tenjinmae 4-18, Takamatsu 760-0018, Kagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Himoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Hara 281-1 Mure-cho, Takamatsu 761-0123, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Kobara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe Miki-cho  Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez-Chantar, M.L., Avila, M.A., and Lu, S.C. 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