{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:24:18Z","timestamp":1785414258538,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Taxane chemotherapy remains a durable backbone in advanced prostate cancer, but its clinical value is increasingly determined by timing, sequencing, and deliverability. We synthesize pivotal randomized trials and contemporary guidance to provide a chemotherapy-forward framework spanning metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC) and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). In mCSPC, early docetaxel added to androgen deprivation therapy\u2014often as part of triplet intensification with an androgen receptor pathway inhibitor (ARPI)\u2014offers the greatest absolute benefit in fit patients with high disease burden or aggressive clinical tempo. In mCRPC, docetaxel remains foundational, while cabazitaxel is preferred over ARPI switching after prior docetaxel and one ARPI, supporting mechanism-based sequencing. Practical implementation requires proactive toxicity prevention (especially neutropenia), dose and schedule individualization, and preservation of functional status to maintain eligibility for subsequent life-prolonging therapies. Immunotherapy has a limited but important niche: sipuleucel-T may benefit selected patients with low symptom burden, whereas immune checkpoint inhibitors are best reserved for biomarker-defined subsets such as microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair-deficient tumors; tumor mutational burden should be interpreted cautiously in prostate cancer. Ongoing trials and emerging antigen-directed platforms will clarify whether chemotherapy can act as an immune-enabling partner in defined settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18040648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T09:22:46Z","timestamp":1771320166000},"page":"648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Chemotherapy-Forward Management of Advanced Prostate Cancer: Taxane Timing, Sequencing and the Real-World Place of Immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Takahide","family":"Noro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura 285-8741, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9423-7361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takanobu","family":"Utsumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura 285-8741, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rino","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura 285-8741, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Ishitsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura 285-8741, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura 285-8741, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shota","family":"Iijima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura 285-8741, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Sugizaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura 285-8741, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takatoshi","family":"Somoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura 285-8741, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Oka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura 285-8741, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takumi","family":"Endo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura 285-8741, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4183-2490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoto","family":"Kamiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura 285-8741, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5838-114X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroyoshi","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura 285-8741, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"552","article-title":"The contemporary management of prostate cancer","volume":"75","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2025","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-025-01100-3","article-title":"Personalized intensification of treatment for hormone-sensitive prostate cancer","volume":"23","author":"Cilento","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-008-0830-y","article-title":"Current topics and perspectives relating to hormone therapy for prostate cancer","volume":"13","author":"Suzuki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noro, T., Utsumi, T., Ikeda, R., Ishitsuka, N., Suzuki, Y., Iijima, S., Sugizaki, Y., Somoto, T., Oka, R., and Endo, T. (2025). Risk-adapted durations of hormone therapy combined with radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Acad. Oncol., 2.","DOI":"10.20935\/AcadOnco8038"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Posdzich, P., Darr, C., Hilser, T., Wahl, M., Herrmann, K., Hadaschik, B., and Gr\u00fcnwald, V. (2023). Metastatic Prostate Cancer\u2014A Review of Current Treatment Options and Promising New Approaches. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15020461"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2024.0591","article-title":"Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer and Combination Treatment Outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Hussain","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70030","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.70030","article-title":"Controversies in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer","volume":"131","author":"Tsung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., and Chadha, J.S. (2024). Developmental Therapeutics in Metastatic Prostate Cancer: New Targets and New Strategies. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16173098"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, W.-A., Song, Y.S., and Lee, M.-K. (2024). Strategic Advances in Combination Therapy for Metastatic Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer: Current Insights and Future Perspectives. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202408.2024.v1"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carceles-Cordon, M., Rodriguez-Bravo, V., Petrylak, D.P., and Domingo-Domenech, J. (2025). 20 years of taxane therapy in prostate cancer \u2014the past, present and future. Nat. Rev. Urol., 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-025-01104-9"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2340787","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.40787","article-title":"Mortality Risk for Docetaxel-Treated, High-Grade Prostate Cancer With Low PSA Levels","volume":"6","author":"Mahal","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2024.09.008","article-title":"Intensification Approaches and Treatment Sequencing in Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review","volume":"87","author":"Francini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-024-00906-z","article-title":"Navigating therapeutic sequencing in the metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patient journey","volume":"28","author":"McManus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-25-00007","article-title":"Systemic Therapy in Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: ASCO Guideline Update","volume":"43","author":"Garje","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c1vila, C., Gonz\u00e1lez-Montero, J., Rojas, C.I., Madan, R.A., and Burotto, M. (2025). Current landscape in first-line treatment of metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer: A cost-effectiveness focused review. Oncology, 30.","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyaf095"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1200\/OP-24-00690","article-title":"Real-World Evidence of Combination Therapy Use in Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer in the United States From 2017 to 2023","volume":"21","author":"Raval","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCO Oncol. Pr."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1208","article-title":"Real-world evidence of triplet therapy efficacy in patients with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer: A Japanese multicenter study","volume":"54","author":"Urabe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1503747","article-title":"Chemohormonal Therapy in Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer","volume":"373","author":"Sweeney","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.75.3657","article-title":"Chemohormonal Therapy in Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer: Long-Term Survival Analysis of the Randomized Phase III E3805 CHAARTED Trial","volume":"36","author":"Kyriakopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01037-5","article-title":"Addition of docetaxel, zoledronic acid, or both to first-line long-term hormone therapy in prostate cancer (STAMPEDE): Survival results from an adaptive, multiarm, multistage, platform randomised controlled trial","volume":"387","author":"James","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.11.005","article-title":"Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) Plus Docetaxel Versus ADT Alone in Metastatic Non castrate Prostate Cancer: Impact of Metastatic Burden and Long-term Survival Analysis of the Randomized Phase 3 GETUG-AFU15 Trial","volume":"70","author":"Gravis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00367-1","article-title":"Abiraterone plus prednisone added to androgen deprivation therapy and docetaxel in de novo metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (PEACE-1): A multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 study with a 2 \u00d7 2 factorial design","volume":"399","author":"Fizazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2119115","article-title":"Darolutamide and Survival in Metastatic, Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer","volume":"386","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040720","article-title":"Docetaxel plus Prednisone or Mitoxantrone plus Prednisone for Advanced Prostate Cancer","volume":"351","author":"Tannock","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.12.4008","article-title":"Docetaxel Plus Prednisone or Mitoxantrone Plus Prednisone for Advanced Prostate Cancer: Updated Survival in the TAX 327 Study","volume":"26","author":"Berthold","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041318","article-title":"Docetaxel and Estramustine Compared with Mitoxantrone and Prednisone for Advanced Refractory Prostate Cancer","volume":"351","author":"Petrylak","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61389-X","article-title":"Prednisone plus cabazitaxel or mitoxantrone for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer progressing after docetaxel treatment: A randomised open-label trial","volume":"376","author":"Oudard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3198","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.72.1076","article-title":"Phase III Study Comparing a Reduced Dose of Cabazitaxel (20 mg\/m2) and the Currently Approved Dose (25 mg\/m2) in Postdocetaxel Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer\u2014PROSELICA","volume":"35","author":"Eisenberger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3189","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.72.1068","article-title":"Cabazitaxel Versus Docetaxel As First-Line Therapy for Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Randomized Phase III Trial\u2014FIRSTANA","volume":"35","author":"Oudard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911206","article-title":"Cabazitaxel versus Abiraterone or Enzalutamide in Metastatic Prostate Cancer","volume":"381","author":"Sternberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30408-5","article-title":"Cabazitaxel plus carboplatin for the treatment of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers: A randomised, open-label, phase 1\u20132 trial","volume":"20","author":"Corn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, C., Wan, Q., Guo, J., and Chen, Z. (2025). The efficacy and safety of cabazitaxel in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: A systematic review and network meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1586650"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wysocki, P.J., Lubas, M.T., and Wysocka, M.L. (2022). Metronomic Chemotherapy in Prostate Cancer. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11102853"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70537-5","article-title":"2-weekly versus 3-weekly docetaxel to treat castration-resistant advanced prostate cancer: A randomised, phase 3 trial","volume":"14","author":"Harmenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2025.09.108","article-title":"LBA92 3-weekly docetaxel 75 mg\/m2 vs. 2-weekly docetaxel 50 mg\/m2 in combination with darolutamide + ADT in patients with mHSPC: Results from the randomised phase III ARASAFE trial","volume":"36","author":"Grimm","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2023.10.015","article-title":"Early Identification of Patients at Risk of Cabazitaxel-induced Severe Neutropenia","volume":"7","author":"Agema","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-3360","article-title":"Randomized Phase II Cabazitaxel Dose Individualization and Neutropenia Prevention Trial in Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer","volume":"29","author":"Omlin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5080","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol31090375","article-title":"Outcomes of First Subsequent Taxane Therapy in Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Who Previously Received Docetaxel Intensification for Metastatic Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer","volume":"31","author":"Robin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1159\/000541881","article-title":"The Immune Microenvironment in Prostate Cancer: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"103","author":"Novysedlak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-019-0931-3","article-title":"Immunotherapy in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Past and Future Strategies for Optimization","volume":"20","author":"Reimers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Urol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-024-01245-8","article-title":"Immunogenicity of cell death and cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"22","author":"Catanzaro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1001294","article-title":"Sipuleucel-T Immunotherapy for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer","volume":"363","author":"Kantoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-020-0213-7","article-title":"Survival of African-American and Caucasian men after sipuleucel-T immunotherapy: Outcomes from the PROCEED registry","volume":"23","author":"Sartor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.02031","article-title":"Phase III Trial of PROSTVAC in Asymptomatic or Minimally Symptomatic Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer","volume":"37","author":"Gulley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.01638","article-title":"Pembrolizumab for Treatment-Refractory Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Multicohort, Open-Label Phase II KEYNOTE-199 Study","volume":"38","author":"Antonarakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.08.007","article-title":"Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Preliminary Analysis of Patients in the CheckMate 650 Trial","volume":"38","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-24-01283","article-title":"Pembrolizumab Plus Docetaxel Versus Docetaxel for Previously Treated Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: The Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase III KEYNOTE-921 Trial","volume":"43","author":"Petrylak","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01600-6","article-title":"Atezolizumab with enzalutamide versus enzalutamide alone in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: A randomized phase 3 trial","volume":"28","author":"Powles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70189-5","article-title":"Ipilimumab versus placebo after radiotherapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer that had progressed after docetaxel chemotherapy (CA184-043): A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial","volume":"15","author":"Kwon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.09.043","article-title":"Nivolumab plus docetaxel in patients with chemotherapy-na\u00efve metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: Results from the phase II CheckMate 9KD trial","volume":"160","author":"Fizazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3070","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-24-02637","article-title":"Nivolumab and Ipilimumab for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer With an Immunogenic Signature: The Multicenter, Two-Cohort, Phase II NEPTUNES Study","volume":"43","author":"Leone","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan6733","article-title":"Mismatch repair deficiency predicts response of solid tumors to PD-1 blockade","volume":"357","author":"Le","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3753","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-4070","article-title":"FDA Approval Summary: Pembrolizumab for the Treatment of Microsatellite Instability-High Solid Tumors","volume":"25","author":"Marcus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.5801","article-title":"Analysis of the Prevalence of Microsatellite Instability in Prostate Cancer and Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade","volume":"5","author":"Abida","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.02105","article-title":"Efficacy of Pembrolizumab in Patients With Noncolorectal High Microsatellite Instability\/Mismatch Repair\u2013Deficient Cancer: Results From the Phase II KEYNOTE-158 Study","volume":"38","author":"Marabelle","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3894","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-23-3403","article-title":"Microsatellite Instability, Tumor Mutational Burden, and Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Patients with Prostate Cancer","volume":"30","author":"Lenis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Somoto, T., Utsumi, T., Ikeda, R., Ishitsuka, N., Noro, T., Suzuki, Y., Iijima, S., Sugizaki, Y., Oka, R., and Endo, T. (2025). Precision Care for Hereditary Urologic Cancers: Genetic Testing, Counseling, Surveillance, and Therapeutic Implications. Curr. Oncol., 32.","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol32120698"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001065","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001065","article-title":"Clinical activity of pembrolizumab in metastatic prostate cancer with microsatellite instability high (MSI-H) detected by circulating tumor DNA","volume":"8","author":"Barata","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30445-9","article-title":"Association of tumour mutational burden with outcomes in patients with advanced solid tumours treated with pembrolizumab: Prospective biomarker analysis of the multicohort, open-label, phase 2 KEYNOTE-158 study","volume":"21","author":"Marabelle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zgura, A., Chipuc, S., Bacalbasa, N., Haineala, B., Rodica, A., and Sebastian, V. (2025). Evaluating Tumour Mutational Burden as a Key Biomarker in Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy: A Pan-Cancer Systematic Review. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17030480"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4685","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-0327","article-title":"FDA Approval Summary: Pembrolizumab for the Treatment of Tumor Mutational Burden\u2013High Solid Tumors","volume":"27","author":"Marcus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/4\/648\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T09:30:38Z","timestamp":1771320638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/4\/648"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers18040648"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers18040648","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]}}}