{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:54:15Z","timestamp":1787756055728,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: In actinic keratosis (AK), clinical clearance after field-directed therapies does not necessarily correspond to histological resolution, resulting in subclinical persistence and risk of recurrence. Objective: To provide a practical, up-to-date framework for non-invasive monitoring of treatment response in AK, integrating clinical assessment and dermoscopy with high-resolution imaging techniques, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT), and high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS), and to discuss emerging optical biomarkers based on Raman spectroscopy. Results: For each modality, we summarize pre- and post-treatment imaging patterns, proposed response criteria, recommended follow-up timing, and correlations with clinical outcomes (including clearance and AKASI) and, when available, histological findings. The available evidence is derived from a limited number of observational studies, predominantly involving RCM and LC-OCT, whereas data on HFUS and Raman spectroscopy remain comparatively scarce. RCM and LC-OCT allow in vivo assessment of epidermal architectural normalization and reduction of intraepidermal keratinocyte atypia. HFUS captures quantitative trajectories of superficial dermal remodeling, including changes in the subepidermal low-echogenic band (SLEB) and dermal echogenicity after photodynamic therapy and other field treatments. Dermoscopy remains the first-line tool for routine follow-up but may fail to detect minimal subclinical persistence. Finally, we discuss the potential role of in vivo Raman spectroscopy for dynamic molecular endpoints and its possible integration with artificial intelligence\u2013based analytical approaches. Conclusions: A standardized multimodal follow-up strategy improves the accuracy of treatment-response assessment compared with clinical evaluation alone. We propose a technique-specific checklist of minimal response criteria and a pragmatic temporal assessment scheme, and outline a research roadmap to support validation and clinical implementation of non-invasive imaging-guided monitoring in actinic keratosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18040708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T14:05:11Z","timestamp":1771855511000},"page":"708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Non-Invasive Assessment of Treatment Response in Actinic Keratosis: A Clinically Oriented Multimodal Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9423-1607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Pistore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dermatology Clinic, Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, La Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6312-7709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Ambrosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin Cancer Center, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0117-346X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Di Guardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin Cancer Center, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Rita","family":"Panebianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Direction, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Di Lella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin Cancer Center, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5126-8873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Conforti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin Cancer Center, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Life Science, Health, and Health Professions, Link University of Rome, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Pellacani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Clinic, Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, La Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0031-941X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Moro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Marchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0167-7617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damiano","family":"Abeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Fania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin Cancer Center, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Life Science, Health, and Health Professions, Link University of Rome, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata di Roma, Via Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8388-9268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Health, and Health Professions, Link University of Rome, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Melanoma Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Marques, E., and Chen, T.M. 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