{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T02:37:20Z","timestamp":1773369440146,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Province\u2019s important research","award":["2024ZX12C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZX12C21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Aims: The rising global incidence of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) coincides with epidemics of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Although both are established independent risk factors, the shared molecular mechanisms by which they contribute to cholangiocarcinogenesis remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that T2D and HBV converge on a state of chronic metabolic inflammation (\u201cmetaflammation\u201d) that drives CCA progression through a conserved transcriptomic network. Methods: We performed an integrative bioinformatics analysis of transcriptomic data from public repositories, including samples of CCA (TCGA-CHOL, n = 45; GSE107943, n = 163), T2D-affected liver (GSE23343, n = 20), and HBV-infected liver (GSE58208, n = 102). Acknowledging that the T2D and HBV datasets were derived from whole-liver tissue, whereas CCA originates in the biliary epithelium, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across conditions and defined a core gene set shared among them. Subsequent analyses included functional enrichment, construction of protein\u2013protein interaction (PPI) networks, survival analysis, and protein validation. Results: We identified a core metaflammation signature comprising 156 genes that were consistently dysregulated across T2D, HBV, and CCA. Pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment in PPAR signaling, cytokine\u2013cytokine receptor interaction, PI3K-Akt, and TNF signaling pathways. Protein\u2013protein interaction (PPI) network analysis identified IL6, TNF, AKT1, STAT3, and PPARG as the top hub genes. These hubs were functionally modularized into clusters associated with inflammatory signaling, metabolic regulation, and cell growth and survival. In the TCGA CCA cohort, high expression of IL6, TNF, AKT1, and STAT3 and low expression of PPARG correlated with advanced tumor stage and poorer overall survival (e.g., IL6: \u03c1 = 0.42, p = 0.01). A metaflammation score derived from these hubs (weighted combination of the five genes) emerged as an independent prognostic factor (HR = 2.8, p &lt; 0.001). Protein-level dysregulation of these hubs was confirmed via immunohistochemistry. Conclusions: This study defines a conserved metaflammation network that links T2D and HBV to CCA, identifying key hub genes and pathways. This signature provides a mechanistic explanation for epidemiological risks, serves as a novel prognostic tool, and offers a rationale for targeting metaflammation in prevention and therapy for high-risk populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18060923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T14:46:31Z","timestamp":1773326791000},"page":"923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systems-Level Transcriptomic Integration Reveals a Core Metaflammatory Network Linking Type 2 Diabetes and HBV Infection to Cholangiocarcinoma Progression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Hasan","family":"Md Rasadul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biliary-Pancreatical Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shihui","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biliary-Pancreatical Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziqiang","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biliary-Pancreatical Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rahman","family":"Md Zahidur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Care Consultation Hub, Rangpur 5405, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biliary-Pancreatical Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junqi","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biliary-Pancreatical Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinglin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biliary-Pancreatical Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenghong","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biliary-Pancreatical Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0702-8861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siddique A. Z. M.","family":"Fahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mozumder","family":"Somrat Akbor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xudong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biliary-Pancreatical Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2064-4551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunfu","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biliary-Pancreatical Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.01.021","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"60","author":"Bridgewater","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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