{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:06:25Z","timestamp":1773414385610,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of demographic, clinical and physical factors on the occurrence of ocular complications after ruthenium-106 (Ru-106) brachytherapy, iodine-125 (I-125) brachytherapy and proton therapy of uveal melanoma. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 300 patients\u2019 electronic and paper medical records treated for uveal melanoma at the Department of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, University Hospital in Krakow, Poland, from May 2014 to December 2016 was performed. The created database, which includes numerous parameters characterizing patients, tumors, applied treatments and their effects, with particular emphasis on the occurrence of ocular complications, was subjected to detailed analysis. The influence of selected factors on the occurrence of identified complications was checked by performing a univariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, and then the factors that were statistically significant were included in a multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis which gave the final results. Results: Of the 300 patients, 125 (41.67%) were treated with Ru-106 brachytherapy (87 (29%) with CCB plaque and 38 (12.67%) with COB plaque), 102 (34%) with I-125 brachytherapy and 73 (24.33%) with proton therapy. Mean follow-up was 88.63 months (median 89, range: 20\u2013127). The occurrence of cataract was associated with the older age of patients. Maculopathy was associated with female sex, younger age, use of I-125 brachytherapy, tumor location involving the macula and\/or optic disc and moderate tumor pigmentation. Diagnosis of systemic hypertension was associated with a lower risk of maculopathy. Retinopathy was associated with younger age, tumor location involving the macula and\/or optic disc and the use of I-125 brachytherapy. Optic neuropathy was associated with younger age, greater tumor largest base diameter, tumor location involving the macula and\/or optic disc and the use of I-125 brachytherapy. Secondary glaucoma was associated with baseline best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) weaker than 0.5, greater tumor thickness, involvement of the left eye and the use of I-125 brachytherapy. Vitreous hemorrhage was associated with greater tumor thickness, tumor location including the macula and\/or optic disc and mushroom-shaped tumor. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated an association between demographic, clinical, and physical factors and the occurrence of ocular complications after radiotherapy for uveal melanoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18060944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T11:12:25Z","timestamp":1773400345000},"page":"944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of the Influence of Demographic, Clinical and Physical Factors on the Occurrence of Ocular Complications After Ruthenium-106 and Iodine-125 Brachytherapy as Well as Proton Therapy of Uveal Melanoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7998-6257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Jarczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, University Hospital, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-530 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6940-5485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo\u017cena","family":"Romanowska-Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, University Hospital, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Division of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4895-0414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Sas-Korczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Translational Medicine, Medicine Faculty, University of Rzesz\u00f3w Collegium Medicum, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Soko\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Management, Media and Technology, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Romanowska-Dixon, B., Jager, M.J., and Coupland, S.E. 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