{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:29:39Z","timestamp":1790882979376,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Kentucky College of Medicine"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AI095032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI095032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AI181567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI181567"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AI187757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI187757"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Markey Cancer Center Shared Resources Facilities","award":["P30CA177558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA177558"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Effectively activating protective CD8+ T cell immunity specifically against cancer antigens is an important pathway to prevent the growth of various types of cancers. A major obstacle in this approach is variations in cancer antigens among patients. A valuable material to overcome the antigen variation among cancer patients is the use of each individual\u2019s own cancer cells for immunization. In colorectal cancer (CRC), approximately one-third of the patients who receive curative surgical resection have a recurrence of cancer. Therefore, the use of surgically resected CRC for immunotherapy to specifically activate the protective CD8+ T cells against their own cancer cells is a valuable approach to prevent the recurrence of cancer. However, since cancer-specific antigens are often not strongly immunogenic, a potent immunostimulant is required as an adjuvant for efficiently facilitating the activation of cancer-specific protective CD8+ T cells. We recently identified that a protein molecule, the amino-terminus region of the dense granule protein 6 (GRA6Nt) of Toxoplasma gondii, selectively activates innate expressions of IFN-\u03b3 and IL-18 and functions as a powerful adjuvant when used in immunization with nonreplicable (treated with mitomycin C or irradiated) MC38 CRC cells to potently activate the cytotoxic activity and IFN-\u03b3 production of CD8+ T cells against cancer cells. In addition, immunization using the GRA6Nt protein adjuvant effectively inhibits the growth of identical CRC cells after its challenge implantation, which mimics a recurrence of the surgically resected CRC used for the immunizations. In contrast to the two nucleotide- or deoxynucleotide-based Toll-like receptor agonists currently being used as adjuvants in cancer immunotherapy in clinical settings, GRA6Nt is a protein molecule. Thus, the rGRA6Nt protein adjuvant provides a new pathway in cancer immunotherapy to effectively activate the protective CD8+ T cells specific for the individual\u2019s cancer cells to prevent the recurrence of surgically resected CRC in patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18061003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T09:44:41Z","timestamp":1773999881000},"page":"1003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Unique Protein Adjuvant for Precision Immunotherapy to Prevent Recurrence of Surgically Resected Colorectal Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA"},{"name":"Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Mani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. Mark","family":"Evers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.7988","article-title":"Early detection of colorectal cancer recurrence in patients undergoing surgery with curative intent: Current status and challenges","volume":"5","author":"Young","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1242464","article-title":"Surveillance after curative resection of colorectal cancer","volume":"22","author":"Scheer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. 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