{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:54:42Z","timestamp":1785412482013,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009687","name":"Wroclaw Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SUBZ.A510.25.056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.A510.25.056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["SUBZ.A510.25.056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.A510.25.056"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01qpw1b93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Angiogenesis is critical for tumor progression. Microvessel density (MVD) is commonly assessed using CD31 and CD34, which detect both mature and newly formed vessels and therefore cannot distinguish active neoangiogenesis from stable, quiescent vasculature. Nestin, an intermediate filament protein expressed preferentially in proliferating endothelial cells, has been proposed as a complementary marker of active angiogenesis and has been investigated in several solid tumor types, including pancreatic, colorectal, and breast carcinomas. However, no studies have quantitatively compared nestin-positive MVD across AK, BCC, and SCC using standardized methods. Methods: Immunohistochemistry for nestin, CD31, and CD34 was performed on 118 patient samples collected in 2015\u20132019 and diagnosed with AK, BCC, or SCC. MVD was quantified by averaging vessel counts in three representative \u201chot spot\u201d areas. Results: Nestin-positive MVD was significantly lower in patients with AK compared to patients with BCC and SCC (p &lt; 0.001). The mean MVD of nestin-positive vessels was significantly lower in AK than in BCC and SCC (p &lt; 0.0001). In all three groups, nestin-positive MVD demonstrated a strong, positive correlation with both CD34 and CD31. Conclusions: Nestin-positive MVD was significantly elevated in BCC and SCC compared to AK lesions and demonstrated strong correlations with standard angiogenic markers. These findings suggest that nestin may warrant further investigation as a complementary marker of angiogenesis in non-melanoma skin cancer. Whether nestin-positive MVD offers independent diagnostic or prognostic value in this context remains to be determined in larger, prospective, multicentre studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18091495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T08:01:39Z","timestamp":1778140899000},"page":"1495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nestin as a Vascular Marker of Angiogenesis in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4005-775X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Nowogrodzka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Centre of General Dermatology and Oncodermatology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5298-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Tota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Centre of General Dermatology and Oncodermatology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4093-7386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Piotrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Bieniek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Centre of General Dermatology and Oncodermatology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Dzi\u0119giel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4944-5388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Jankowska-Konsur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Centre of General Dermatology and Oncodermatology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balcere, A., Konr\u0101de-Jilmaza, L., Pauli\u0146a, L.A., \u010c\u0113ma, I., and Kr\u016bmi\u0146a, A. 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