{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T10:23:01Z","timestamp":1788258181240,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The management of localized prostate cancer (PCa) suffers from the dilemma between the overtreatment associated with radical surgery and the uncertainty of active surveillance, highlighting a significant therapeutic gap specifically for intermediate-risk patients and selected low-risk patients. Focal therapy (FT) emerges as an advanced technological solution to balance rigorous oncological control with anatomical and functional preservation. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted to analyze the physical principles underlying various ablative energies (thermal, cryogenic, and non-thermal) as well as radiation-based focal approaches. The review examines the oncological rationale of targeted ablation, recent innovations in imaging, and the expanding clinical scenarios for FT application. Results: Evidence supports the oncological rationale of \u201cIndex Lesion\u201d ablation as a targeted curative strategy for clinically significant disease, rather than merely a palliative one. The review highlights the emerging concept of \u201cpushing the disease\u201d and demonstrates the valuable role of salvage focal therapy in the setting of radio-recurrent carcinoma. Furthermore, recent innovations in multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and fusion systems have significantly refined patient selection, rendering this minimally invasive approach highly targeted. Conclusions: The current barrier to the universal adoption of focal therapy is the lack of a standardized consensus on the definitions of therapeutic failure and the inadequacy of traditional PSA-based criteria. However, evidence suggests that FT represents a promising, organ-sparing alternative for carefully selected patients with localized PCa, though long-term comparative data are still required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18101523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T12:05:22Z","timestamp":1778501122000},"page":"1523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Focal Therapy for Prostate Cancer: State of the Art, Physical Principles, Potentials, and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"Orecchia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Urology Unit, AOU Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2280-6757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Steffani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Department, AOU Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Micillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Unit, Casa di Cura Villa Delle Querce, 00040 Nemi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2445-1204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Miano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Urology Unit, AOU Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4784-6295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Walser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sperling Prostate Center, Delray Beach, FL 33445, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7659-5392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guglielmo","family":"Manenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Department, AOU Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s13193-023-01733-9","article-title":"Evaluation of Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Correlation with Radical Prostatectomy Histopathology Specimen in Prostate Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Vadher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. 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