{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T23:56:06Z","timestamp":1790034966092,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (pcALCL) is a type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) classified as a CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorder along with lymphomatoid papulosis. Although it is the second most common subtype of CTCL after mycosis fungoides\/S\u00e9zary syndrome, it remains rare, with an incidence of fewer than 0.5 cases per million person-years. Despite its histologic similarity to systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma, pcALCL follows a largely indolent course with excellent outcomes, with disease-specific survival rates of 86\u201395% in contemporary series. This narrative review summarizes the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management of pcALCL based on a semi-structured literature search, with emphasis on prospective studies and clinically relevant retrospective data. Diagnosis remains challenging due to overlap with other CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders and reactive conditions, requiring careful clinicopathologic correlation and exclusion of systemic disease. While regional lymph node involvement may be present, available evidence suggests it does not significantly impact prognosis, highlighting the importance of avoiding overtreatment. Management strategies are guided by disease extent, with strong evidence supporting skin-directed therapies, particularly radiation, for localized disease. For multifocal or relapsed disease, brentuximab vedotin demonstrates the most robust prospective data and has reshaped the treatment landscape; however, alternative systemic therapies, including methotrexate and retinoids, remain relevant in selected patients. Overall, current management is supported largely by non-randomized data, and key gaps remain in risk stratification, optimal sequencing of therapies, and management of uncommon aggressive variants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18101560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T07:49:09Z","timestamp":1778572149000},"page":"1560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: A Review of Diagnosis and Treatment for the General Oncologist"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jackson T.","family":"Bowers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmine","family":"Zain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lymphoma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10026, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board (2024). WHO Classification of Tumours: Haematolymphoid Tumours, International Agency for Research on Cancer. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19987","article-title":"Classifications of Cutaneous Lymphomas and Lymphoproliferative Disorders: An Update from the EORTC Cutaneous Lymphoma Histopathology Group","volume":"38","author":"Kempf","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8588(03)00117-5","article-title":"Primary Cutaneous CD30-Positive Lymphoproliferative Disorders","volume":"17","author":"Willemze","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Querfeld, C., Zain, J., and Rosen, S.T. (2019). CD30-Positive Lymphoproliferative Disorders. T-Cell and NK-Cell Lymphomas: From Biology to Novel Therapies, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99716-2"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-11-881268","article-title":"The 2018 Update of the WHO-EORTC Classification for Primary Cutaneous Lymphomas","volume":"133","author":"Willemze","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.14777","article-title":"Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large-cell Lymphoma: A Review of the SEER Database from 2005 to 2016","volume":"46","author":"Sarfraz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobos, G., Pohrt, A., Ram-Wolff, C., Lebb\u00e9, C., Bouaziz, J.-D., Battistella, M., Bagot, M., and de Masson, A. (2020). Epidemiology of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 16,953 Patients. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12102921"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(87)70248-5","article-title":"Lymphomatoid Papulosis: A Follow-up Study of 30 Patients","volume":"17","author":"Thomsen","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2012.065664","article-title":"ALK-Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Limited to the Skin: Clinical, Histopathological and Molecular Analysis of 6 Pediatric Cases. A Report from the ALCL99 Study","volume":"98","author":"Oschlies","year":"2013","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000000505","article-title":"Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma with 6p25.3 Rearrangement in a Cardiac Transplant Recipient: A Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"38","author":"Olson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e124","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000002250","article-title":"A Rare Case of Monomorphic T-Cell Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder Presenting as Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma, ALK Negative","volume":"44","author":"Robbins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2014.12.006","article-title":"Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma in a Patient Receiving Adalimumab","volume":"1","author":"Hruska","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03458-w","article-title":"T Cell Malignancies after CAR T Cell Therapy in the DESCAR-T Registry","volume":"31","author":"Dulery","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200104010-00015","article-title":"Risk of T-Cell Lymphomas in Persons with AIDS","volume":"26","author":"Biggar","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.12020","article-title":"HIV-Associated Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: A Clinicopathological Subset with More Aggressive Behavior? Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"39","author":"Saggini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1995.01690230059010","article-title":"Cutaneous Presentations of Lymphoma in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease. Predominance of T Cell Lineage","volume":"131","author":"Kerschmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3653","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.12.3653","article-title":"Primary and Secondary Cutaneous CD30+lymphoproliferative Disorders: A Report from the Dutch Cutaneous Lymphoma Group on the Long-Term Follow-up Data of 219 Patients and Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"95","author":"Bekkenk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16006","article-title":"Prognostic Factors in Patients with Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: A Multicentric, Retrospective Analysis of the Spanish Group of Cutaneous Lymphoma","volume":"34","author":"Muret","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-020-00583-4","article-title":"Primary Cutaneous CD30+ Lymphoproliferative Disorders: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"15","author":"Parekh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Hematol. Malig. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1158","article-title":"Current Management of Primary Cutaneous CD30+ T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders","volume":"23","author":"Kadin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortiz-Hidalgo, C., and Pina-Oviedo, S. (2023). Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma\u2014A Review of Clinical, Morphological, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Features. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15164098"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2026, May 06). National Comprehensive Cancer Network Cutaneous Lymphomas (Version 02.2026). Available online: https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/guidelines\/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1549."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e31826bc1e5","article-title":"CD30+ Lymphomatoid Drug Reactions","volume":"35","author":"Pulitzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000000692","article-title":"CD30 Positive Lymphomatoid Angiocentric Drug Reactions: Characterization of a Series of 20 Cases","volume":"39","author":"Magro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2009.74","article-title":"Prognostic Factors in Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: Characterization of Clinical Subset with Worse Outcome","volume":"145","author":"Woo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(03)02484-8","article-title":"Cd30+ Cutaneous Lymphoproliferative Disorders: The Stanford Experience in Lymphomatoid Papulosis and Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma","volume":"49","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.12.053","article-title":"Cutaneous Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma (ALCL): A Comparative Clinical Feature and Survival Outcome Analysis of 52 Cases According to Primary Tumor Site","volume":"74","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14404","article-title":"Outcome of Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: A 20-Year British Columbia Cancer Agency Experience","volume":"176","author":"Hapgood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-10-567461","article-title":"The Biology and Management of Systemic Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma","volume":"126","author":"Hapgood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.02.054","article-title":"Risk of Systemic Lymphoma in Patients with Cutaneous CD30+ Lymphoproliferative Disorders: A Single Center Retrospective Cohort Analysis","volume":"91","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V91.6.2076","article-title":"ALK-Positive Lymphoma: A Single Disease with a Broad Spectrum of Morphology","volume":"91","author":"Benharroch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1159\/000355479","article-title":"Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma with Angioinvasive Features and Cytotoxic Phenotype: A Rare Lymphoma Variant within the Spectrum of CD30+ Lymphoproliferative Disorders","volume":"227","author":"Kempf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2009.03359.x","article-title":"Neutrophil\/Eosinophil-Rich Type of Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: A Clinicopathological, Immunophenotypic and Molecular Study of Nine Cases","volume":"55","author":"Kong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3681","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.12.3681","article-title":"CD30+ Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: A Review of Its Histopathologic, Genetic, and Clinical Features","volume":"96","author":"Stein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024027700","article-title":"Gene Expression Profiling Reveals 2 Overarching Types of ALCL with Distinct Targetable Biology: An LLMPP Study","volume":"147","author":"Feldman","year":"2026","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/105.4.440","article-title":"CD30-Positive Cutaneous Large Cell Lymphomas: A Comparative Study of Clinicopathologic and Molecular Features of 16 Cases","volume":"105","author":"Macgrogan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-04-571091","article-title":"ALK-Negative Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Is a Genetically Heterogeneous Disease with Widely Disparate Clinical Outcomes","volume":"124","author":"Jaffe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-08-303305","article-title":"Discovery of Recurrent t(6;7)(P25.3;Q32.3) Translocations in ALK-Negative Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphomas by Massively Parallel Genomic Sequencing","volume":"117","author":"Feldman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.22","article-title":"Primary Cutaneous CD30-Positive T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders with Biallelic Rearrangements of DUSP22","volume":"133","author":"Csikesz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljad266","article-title":"Prognostic Factors for Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma: A Multicentre Retrospective Study from Japan","volume":"189","author":"Miyagaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2024.07.002","article-title":"DUSP22-Rearranged Primary Cutaneous CD30-Positive T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders and Adult T-Cell Leukemia\/Lymphoma Frequently Share the LEF1+\/TIA1\u2212 Immunophenotype","volume":"150","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-02-694455","article-title":"No TP63 Rearrangements in a Selected Group of Primary Cutaneous CD30+ Lymphoproliferative Disorders with Aggressive Clinical Course","volume":"128","author":"Schrader","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.10184","article-title":"Genetic Alterations in Primary Cutaneous CD30+ Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma","volume":"37","author":"Mao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Chromosomes Cancer"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1619","article-title":"Whole-Genome Profiling of Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma","volume":"107","author":"Melchers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019000785","article-title":"How I Treat Primary Cutaneous CD30+ Lymphoproliferative Disorders","volume":"134","author":"Shinohara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4024","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-05-351346","article-title":"EORTC, ISCL, and USCLC Consensus Recommendations for the Treatment of Primary Cutaneous CD30-Positive Lymphoproliferative Disorders: Lymphomatoid Papulosis and Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"118","author":"Kempf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-10-054601","article-title":"TNM Classification System for Primary Cutaneous Lymphomas Other than Mycosis Fungoides and S\u00e9zary Syndrome: A Proposal of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) and the Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force of the European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)","volume":"110","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2016.03.023","article-title":"Radiation Therapy for Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: An International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group Multi-Institutional Experience","volume":"95","author":"Million","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adro.2017.06.004","article-title":"Effectiveness of Low-Dose Radiation for Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma","volume":"2","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16501","article-title":"Evaluation of Treatment Results in Multifocal Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: Report of the Dutch Cutaneous Lymphoma Group","volume":"179","author":"Melchers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2017.08.010","article-title":"Recommendations for the Optimal Radiation Dose in Patients with Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: A Report of the Dutch Cutaneous Lymphoma Group","volume":"99","author":"Melchers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.07.040","article-title":"Skin-Directed Radiation Therapy for Cutaneous Lymphoma: The Mayo Clinic Experience","volume":"82","author":"King","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3759","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.60.3787","article-title":"Results of a Phase II Trial of Brentuximab Vedotin for CD30+ Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma and Lymphomatoid Papulosis","volume":"33","author":"Duvic","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31266-7","article-title":"Brentuximab Vedotin or Physician\u2019s Choice in CD30-Positive Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma (ALCANZA): An International, Open-Label, Randomised, Phase 3, Multicentre Trial","volume":"390","author":"Prince","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2023.10.001","article-title":"Real-World Treatment Patterns and Clinical Outcomes with Brentuximab Vedotin or Other Standard Therapies in Patients with Previously Treated Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma in the United States","volume":"24","author":"Barta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5098","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021004710","article-title":"Randomized Phase 3 ALCANZA Study of Brentuximab Vedotin vs Physician\u2019s Choice in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: Final Data","volume":"5","author":"Horwitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28712","article-title":"Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Associated with Brentuximab Vedotin Therapy: A Report of 5 Cases from the Southern Network on Adverse Reactions (SONAR) Project","volume":"120","author":"Carson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-023-02470-9","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness of Brentuximab Vedotin Versus Physician\u2019s Choice of Methotrexate or Bexarotene for the Treatment of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma in Canada","volume":"40","author":"Elsea","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13920","article-title":"Recommendations for Treatment of Lymphomatoid Papulosis with Methotrexate: A Report from the Dutch Cutaneous Lymphoma Group","volume":"173","author":"Bruijn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1984.tb06640.x","article-title":"Treatment of Lymphomatoid Papulosis with Methotrexate","volume":"111","author":"Everett","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(96)90442-9","article-title":"Methotrexate Is Effective Therapy for Lymphomatoid Papulosis and Other Primary Cutaneous CD30-Positive Lymphoproliferative Disorders","volume":"34","author":"Vonderheid","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2011.06.029","article-title":"Primary Cutaneous CD30 Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma\u2014Report of a Case Treated with Bexarotene","volume":"35","author":"Oliveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"e94700","article-title":"Complete Remission of Recurrent Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Following Bexarotene Therapy: A Case Report","volume":"17","author":"Shimada","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07329.x","article-title":"Minimizing Adverse Side-Effects of Oral Bexarotene in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: An Expert Opinion","volume":"155","author":"Assaf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4115","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-11-390211","article-title":"Identification of an Active, Well-Tolerated Dose of Pralatrexate in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"119","author":"Horwitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3552","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-2064","article-title":"Results from a Phase I\/II Open-Label, Dose-Finding Study of Pralatrexate and Oral Bexarotene in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"23","author":"Duvic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1992.10.1.170","article-title":"Lymphomatoid Papulosis: Response to Treatment with Recombinant Interferon Alfa-2b","volume":"10","author":"Proctor","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20001001)89:7<1603::AID-CNCR26>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Therapeutic Use of Interferon-\u03b1 for Lymphomatoid Papulosis","volume":"89","author":"Schmuth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"adv10306","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v103.10306","article-title":"Use of Pegylated Interferon Alpha-2a in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: A Retrospective Case Collection","volume":"103","author":"Gosmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Derm.-Venereol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.117519","article-title":"Regression of Multifocal, Skin-Restricted, CD30-Positive Large T-Cell Lymphoma with Interferon Alfa and Bexarotene Therapy","volume":"45","author":"French","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3816\/CLM.2006.n.039","article-title":"Phase II Evaluation of Gemcitabine Monotherapy for Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"7","author":"Duvic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11593","article-title":"Multicenter Study of Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin in Patients with Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"98","author":"Wollina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12586","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12586","article-title":"Etoposide as a Single Agent in the Treatment of Mycosis Fungoides: A Retrospective Analysis","volume":"31","author":"Purnak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00329-X","article-title":"Allogeneic Transplantation in Advanced Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas (CUTALLO): A Propensity Score Matched Controlled Prospective Study","volume":"401","author":"Mear","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.18467","article-title":"Allogeneic Haematopoietic Cell Transplant in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma","volume":"200","author":"Furqan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30379-6","article-title":"Mogamulizumab versus Vorinostat in Previously Treated Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma (MAVORIC): An International, Open-Label, Randomised, Controlled Phase 3 Trial","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-24-01549","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Denileukin Diftitox-Cxdl, an Improved Purity Formulation of Denileukin Diftitox, in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"43","author":"Foss","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.01056","article-title":"Pembrolizumab in Relapsed and Refractory Mycosis Fungoides and S\u00e9zary Syndrome: A Multicenter Phase II Study","volume":"38","author":"Khodadoust","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2024014655","article-title":"Phase 1 Trial of Durvalumab (Anti\u2013PD-L1) Combined with Lenalidomide in Relapsed\/Refractory Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"9","author":"Querfeld","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljaf105","article-title":"Therapeutic Advances for Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"193","author":"Bagot","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022019166","article-title":"Analysis and Therapeutic Targeting of the IL-1R Pathway in Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma","volume":"142","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-026-07967-9","article-title":"CD30 CAR-T Cells in Combination with Anti-PD-1 Camrelizumab in Relapsed\/Refractory CD30+ Lymphomas","volume":"24","author":"Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023011470","article-title":"Transient Responses and Significant Toxicities of Anti-CD30 CAR T Cells for CD30+ Lymphomas: Results of a Phase 1 Trial","volume":"8","author":"Brudno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3462","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI94306","article-title":"Clinical and Immunological Responses after CD30-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor\u2013Redirected Lymphocytes","volume":"127","author":"Ramos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024026758","article-title":"HSP-CAR30 with a High Proportion of Less-Differentiated T Cells Promotes Durable Responses in Refractory CD30+ Lymphoma","volume":"145","author":"Caballero","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03640-8","article-title":"Allogeneic NK Cells with a Bispecific Innate Cell Engager in Refractory Relapsed Lymphoma: A Phase 1 Trial","volume":"31","author":"Nieto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-025-04151-1","article-title":"Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for CD30-Positive Lymphomas","volume":"28","author":"Boretti","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stein, T., Robak, T., Biernat, W., and Robak, E. (2024). Primary Cutaneous CD30-Positive Lymphoproliferative Disorders\u2014Current Therapeutic Approaches with a Focus on Brentuximab Vedotin. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13030823"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faber, M.L., Oldham, R.A.A., Thakur, A., Rademacher, M.J., Kubicka, E., Dlugi, T.A., Gifford, S.A., McKillop, W.M., Schloemer, N.J., and Lum, L.G. (2023). Novel Anti-CD30\/CD3 Bispecific Antibodies Activate Human T Cells and Mediate Potent Anti-Tumor Activity. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1225610"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/10\/1560\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T08:33:04Z","timestamp":1778574784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/10\/1560"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers18101560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers18101560","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]}}}