{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T10:09:34Z","timestamp":1779358174745,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Sentinel lymph node biopsy is central to axillary staging in breast cancer, but conventional mapping often relies on radioisotopes and\/or blue dye. Indocyanine green fluorescence has emerged as an alternative, although evidence for its use as a sole tracer in routine practice remains limited. This study evaluated the technical feasibility, lymph node yield, nodal metastasis detection, and short-term clinical outcomes of indocyanine green used as the only tracer for axillary staging in a consecutive single-centre cohort. Methods: This retrospective observational cohort study included 260 patients with histologically confirmed breast cancer who underwent axillary surgery at University Hospital Kaspela between 2024 and 2025 under an institutional protocol using indocyanine green as the sole tracer. Indocyanine green-guided mapping was attempted in all patients. For node-focused statistical analyses, a predefined complete-case\u2013cohort of 230 patients was used. Descriptive analyses assessed axillary procedure distribution, lymph node yield, nodal metastasis, and postoperative outcomes. Exploratory multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate predictors of nodal metastasis. Results: Mapping was successful in 259\/260 patients (99.6%). In the complete-case\u2013cohort, sentinel lymph node biopsy was performed in 166\/230 patients (72.2%), targeted axillary dissection in 4\/230 (1.7%), and axillary lymph node dissection in 60\/230 (26.1%). Median overall lymph node yield was 4 (IQR 3\u20137), but this pooled value reflected heterogeneous axillary procedures and should not be interpreted as sentinel node yield alone. In the clinically node-negative upfront SLNB subgroup, median lymph node yield was 4 (IQR 2.75\u20135), and nodal metastasis was identified in 22\/112 patients (19.6%). Overall, nodal metastasis was identified in 58\/230 patients (25.2%), with a median of 2 metastatic nodes (IQR 1\u20133) among nodal-positive cases. Reoperation for axillary lymph node dissection occurred in 14\/230 patients (6.1%). In exploratory multivariable analysis, suspicious biopsied-positive nodes (OR 12.85, 95% CI 3.98\u201341.52), suspicious non-biopsied nodes (OR 15.58, 95% CI 3.44\u201370.59), and neoadjuvant therapy (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.11\u20130.87) were associated with nodal metastasis; these findings should be interpreted cautiously given the expected clinical relationship between preoperative nodal suspicion and nodal positivity, and the limited number of nodal-positive events. Conclusions: Indocyanine green used as a sole tracer demonstrated high technical feasibility within a heterogeneous real-world axillary staging workflow in this single-centre cohort. These findings should be interpreted as implementation-focused feasibility data rather than formal diagnostic validation, given the retrospective design, heterogeneous case mix, and absence of an internal comparator.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18101630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T07:35:43Z","timestamp":1779176143000},"page":"1630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Indocyanine Green as a Single Tracer for Axillary Staging in Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Single-Centre Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0757-9508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentin","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Simulation and Training Center, Medical Faculty, Department of Surgery, University Hospital \u2018\u2019Kaspela\u2019\u2019, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9425-2539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usman","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosen","family":"Dimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Surgery, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4001 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1478-3889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Surgery, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4001 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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