{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:20:37Z","timestamp":1788909637219,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020624","name":"NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IS-BRC-1215-20003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IS-BRC-1215-20003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["IS-BRC-1215-20003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IS-BRC-1215-20003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/046cr9566","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MR\/Z505183\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/Z505183\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["MR\/Z505183\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/Z505183\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001aqnf71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIHR Academic Clinical Fellowships"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a profoundly immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME) that limits anti-tumour immunity and contributes to resistance to immunotherapy. Although \u03b3\u03b4 T-cells can integrate innate and adaptive immune signals, their abundance, transcriptional states and regulatory pathways in PDAC remain incompletely defined. Methods: We performed integrated single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of 39 pancreatic tissue samples, comprising 33 PDAC tumours and 6 adjacent normal tissues. After dataset integration, immune cell annotation, and stringent per-cell gating, \u03b3\u03b4 T-cells were quantified and profiled for checkpoint-, ligand-, and chemokine-related programmes. Results: \u03b3\u03b4 T-cells were detectable across PDAC samples but showed substantial inter-sample heterogeneity in abundance. Among candidate inhibitory pathways, PDCD1, CD274, and HAVCR2 expression in \u03b3\u03b4 T-cells did not differ significantly between tumour and adjacent tissues, whereas KLRC1 (encoding NKG2A) showed a tumour-associated difference at the single-cell level, with a consistent directional pattern in sample-level summaries. NKG2A expression was comparable between \u03b3\u03b4 T-cells and NK cells, suggesting a shared inhibitory programme. HLA-E, the ligand for NKG2A, showed higher epithelial-cell expression in tumour than adjacent tissue in sample-level summaries (median 1.06 vs. 0.57; BH-q = 0.035). Chemokine analysis identified enrichment of CCL2, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL8 and CXCL12, with limited CXCL9\/10\/11 signalling within the PDAC TME. Within \u03b3\u03b4 T-cells, CXCR4 was the trafficking receptor, followed by CCR6, CCR7 and CXCR6. Conclusions: PDAC-infiltrating \u03b3\u03b4 T-cells show marked inter-sample heterogeneity and variable inhibitory and trafficking-related programmes. Integrated transcriptomic analysis nominates HLA-E\u2013NKG2A as a candidate regulatory axis, with NK cells included as a biologically relevant comparator. Chemokine receptor patterns, particularly CXCR4, CCR6, CCR7 and CXCR6, suggest candidate trafficking features. These findings are hypothesis-generating and require spatial, protein-level and functional validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18111723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T14:10:22Z","timestamp":1779718222000},"page":"1723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Integrated Single-Cell Transcriptomics Identifies \u03b3\u03b4 T-Cell Heterogeneity and a Candidate HLA-E\u2013NKG2A Regulatory Axis in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1250-5295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saikat","family":"Mandal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2248-7984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shirin R.","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s Centre for Oncology and Haematology, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull HU3 2JZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1794-2569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arkadeep","family":"Dhali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S5 7AU, UK"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2839-5158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manideepa","family":"Maji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK"},{"name":"Haematology, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Cottingham,  Hull HU16 5JQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.01.068","article-title":"The epidemiology of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer","volume":"144","author":"Yadav","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-14-0155","article-title":"Projecting cancer incidence and deaths to 2030: The unexpected burden of thyroid, liver, and pancreas cancers in the United States","volume":"74","author":"Rahib","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foucher, E.D., Ghigo, C., Chouaib, S., Galon, J., Iovanna, J., and Olive, D. (2018). Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Strong Imbalance of Good and Bad Immunological Cops in the Tumor Microenvironment. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01044"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1304369","article-title":"Increased survival in pancreatic cancer with nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine","volume":"369","author":"Ervin","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siret, C., Collignon, A., Silvy, F., Robert, S., Cheyrol, T., Andr\u00e9, P., Rigot, V., Iovanna, J., van de Pavert, S., and Lombardo, D. (2020). Deciphering the Crosstalk Between Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03070"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.5MA0320-201RR","article-title":"Analysis of colon-infiltrating \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in chronic inflammatory bowel disease and in colitis-associated cancer","volume":"108","author":"Presti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Leucoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.04.024","article-title":"Oncogenic Kras-induced GM-CSF production promotes the development of pancreatic neoplasia","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.04.025","article-title":"Tumor-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor regulates myeloid inflammation and T cell immunity in pancreatic cancer","volume":"21","author":"Bayne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5057","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-3723","article-title":"CSF1\/CSF1R blockade reprograms tumor-infiltrating macrophages and improves response to T-cell checkpoint immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer models","volume":"74","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1097\/00006676-200401000-00023","article-title":"CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes together with CD4+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and dendritic cells improve the prognosis of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma","volume":"28","author":"Fukunaga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5423","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-0369","article-title":"Prevalence of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells increases during the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and its premalignant lesions","volume":"12","author":"Hiraoka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva-Santos, B., and Strid, J. (2018). Working in \u201cNK Mode\u201d: Natural Killer Group 2 Member D and Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors in Stress-Surveillance by \u03b3\u03b4 T Cells. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00851"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108895","article-title":"Controversial role of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in pancreatic cancer","volume":"108","author":"Shamohammadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.07.046","article-title":"\u03b3\u03b4 T Cells Support Pancreatic Oncogenesis by Restraining \u03b1\u03b2 T Cell Activation","volume":"166","author":"Daley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01722-0","article-title":"Gamma delta T-cell-based immune checkpoint therapy: Attractive candidate for antitumor treatment","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.01.001","article-title":"Immune checkpoint HLA-E:CD94-NKG2A mediates evasion of circulating tumor cells from NK cell surveillance","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.18.1.975","article-title":"\u03b3\u03b4 cells: A right time and a right place for a conserved third way of protection","volume":"18","author":"Hayday","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3384","article-title":"Six-of-the-best: Unique contributions of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells to immunology","volume":"13","author":"Vantourout","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0038-z","article-title":"Translating gammadelta (\u03b3\u03b4) T cells and their receptors into cancer cell therapies","volume":"19","author":"Sebestyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115526","article-title":"NK cell recognition","volume":"23","author":"Lanier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, M.D., Witherden, D.A., and Havran, W.L. (2020). The Role of Tissue-resident T Cells in Stress Surveillance and Tissue Maintenance. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030686"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1582","article-title":"Functions of natural killer cells","volume":"9","author":"Vivier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.10.014","article-title":"Anti-NKG2A mAb Is a Checkpoint Inhibitor that Promotes Anti-tumor Immunity by Unleashing Both T and NK Cells","volume":"175","author":"Denis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0761-3","article-title":"Monalizumab: Inhibiting the novel immune checkpoint NKG2A","volume":"7","author":"Horowitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2015.12.020","article-title":"Current progress in immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer","volume":"381","author":"Foley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a016303","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016303","article-title":"The chemokine system in innate immunity","volume":"7","author":"Sokol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poeta, V.M., Massara, M., Capucetti, A., and Bonecchi, R. (2019). Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors: New Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00379"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-14-0002","article-title":"The carcinoma-associated fibroblast expressing fibroblast activation protein and escape from immune surveillance","volume":"2","author":"Fearon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198443","article-title":"CD40 agonists alter tumor stroma and show efficacy against pancreatic carcinoma in mice and humans","volume":"331","author":"Beatty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20212","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1320318110","article-title":"Targeting CXCL12 from FAP-expressing carcinoma-associated fibroblasts synergizes with anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer","volume":"110","author":"Feig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2013.02.009","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapy strategies based on overcoming barriers within the tumor microenvironment","volume":"25","author":"Gajewski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04051-4","article-title":"Immune profiling and prognostic model of pancreatic cancer using quantitative pathology and single-cell RNA sequencing","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06685-2","article-title":"IL-1\u03b2+ macrophages fuel pathogenic inflammation in pancreatic cancer","volume":"623","author":"Caronni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111569","article-title":"CD137 agonism enhances anti-PD1 induced activation of expanded CD8+ T cell clones in a neoadjuvant pancreatic cancer clinical trial","volume":"28","author":"Montagne","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2023.216586","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptome profiling of primary tumors and paired organoids of pancreatobiliary cancer","volume":"582","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3192","article-title":"Spatial reconstruction of single-cell gene expression data","volume":"33","author":"Satija","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.031","article-title":"Comprehensive Integration of Single-Cell Data","volume":"177","author":"Stuart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0619-0","article-title":"Fast, sensitive and accurate integration of single-cell data with Harmony","volume":"16","author":"Korsunsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4314","article-title":"Dimensionality reduction for visualizing single-cell data using UMAP","volume":"37","author":"Becht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008355","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-008355","article-title":"Multiomics profiling reveals the benefits of gamma-delta (\u03b3\u03b4) T lymphocytes for improving the tumor microenvironment, immunotherapy efficacy and prognosis in cervical cancer","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01264-9","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals radiochemotherapy-induced innate immune activation and MHC-II upregulation in cervical cancer","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiad069","article-title":"Human \u03b3\u03b4 T cell identification from single-cell RNA sequencing datasets by modular TCR expression","volume":"114","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Leucoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Tickle, T., Tirosh, I., Georgescu, C., Brown, M., and Haas, B. (2019). inferCNV of the Trinity CTAT Project. Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/broadinstitute\/inferCNV."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21246-9","article-title":"Inference and analysis of cell-cell communication using CellChat","volume":"12","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-024-01469-w","article-title":"LIANA+ provides an all-in-one framework for cell-cell communication inference","volume":"26","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5549","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-2095","article-title":"The NKG2A-HLA-E Axis as a Novel Checkpoint in the Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"26","author":"Borst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1038\/35869","article-title":"HLA-E binds to natural killer cell receptors CD94\/NKG2A, B and C","volume":"391","author":"Braud","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466301","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2025.2466301","article-title":"The pancreatic tumor microenvironment of treatment-na\u00efve patients causes a functional shift in \u03b3\u03b4 T cells, impairing their anti-tumoral defense","volume":"14","author":"Presti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.498.11.2","article-title":"Control of T-cell-mediated immune response by HLA class I in human pancreatic carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Ryschich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.14514","article-title":"Expression of classical human leukocyte antigen class I antigens, HLA-E and HLA-G, is adversely prognostic in pancreatic cancer patients","volume":"111","author":"Hiraoka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandal, S., Dhali, A., Maji, M., and Aithal, G. (2026). Relevance of Chemokines in Mobilizing \u03b3\u03b4 T Cells in the Biliary Tract Cancer Microenvironment: Potential for \u03b3\u03b4 T-Cell\u2013Based Adoptive Cell Therapy. Am. J. Clin. Oncol., in press.","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000001306"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lerias, J., Ant\u00f3nio, P., Kamiki, J., Eduardo, R., Cascais, S., Marinheiro, B., De Sousa, E., Gorgulho, C., Maia, A., and Castillo-Martin, M. (2022). 355 TCR \u03b3\u03b4+ TIL from patients with pancreatic cancer recognize autologous tumor cells restricted by CD1d. J. Immunother. Cancer, 10.","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-SITC2022.0355"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/11\/1723\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T04:13:12Z","timestamp":1779855192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/11\/1723"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers18111723"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers18111723","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]}}}