{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T17:36:08Z","timestamp":1788975368887,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), G protein-coupled receptor class C group 5 member D (GPRC5D)-directed immunotherapies, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) products, bispecific T-cell engagers (BsAbs), and antibody\u2013drug conjugates (ADCs), have transformed the management of MM. Their adoption is now extending beyond tertiary centers following FDA modifications for CAR-T safety and the rapid uptake of off-the-shelf bispecifics suitable for community delivery. Clinicians outside specialist hubs must therefore be conversant with the full toxicity spectrum, including rare but high-consequence events, both for informed consent and for the work-up of post-therapy complications. In this narrative review, we report on the published literature around toxicities of approved and investigational BCMA- and GPRC5D-directed therapies, drawing on pivotal trial data, real-world cohorts, pharmacovigilance studies, and consensus management recommendations, with emphasis on practical recognition and risk mitigation. This review presents toxicities by a temporal pattern including acute (CRS, ICANS, infection, ocular, mucocutaneous), subacute (cranial nerve palsies, parkinsonism, myelitis, peripheral neuropathies IEC-associated enterocolitis and cardiovascular events), and long-term (prolonged cytopenias, second primary malignancies). We discuss validated risk stratification tools, such as the CAR-HEMATOTOX score, EASIX index, and multidisciplinary geriatric assessment, which predicts severe ICANS, infection, and resource utilization, supporting individualized pre-treatment planning. Safe delivery of immune therapies in community settings requires infrastructure for acute critical care, neurology, ophthalmology, infectious disease and long-term surveillance, but is achievable when paired with validated risk stratification and clear referral pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18132083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T02:16:44Z","timestamp":1782699404000},"page":"2083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Toxicities of CAR-T, Bispecific Antibodies, and Antibody\u2013Drug Conjugates in Multiple Myeloma: A Practical Approach to Risk Mitigation and Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sereen","family":"Hej-Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7531-0678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle","family":"Banwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halima","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Cervi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON N8W 1L9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7365-5191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adina","family":"Dass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasna","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON N8W 1L9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1326-2088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Hamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON N8W 1L9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0721-5962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sindu","family":"Kanjeekal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON N8W 1L9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Strange Seguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan","family":"Szalay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0325-3401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahar","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON N8W 1L9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01479-5","article-title":"BCMA-Targeted CAR-T Cell Therapies in Relapsed and\/or Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Latest Updates from 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, S.-F., Anderson, K.C., and Tai, Y.-T. (2018). Targeting B Cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA) in Multiple Myeloma: Potential Uses of BCMA-Based Immunotherapy. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01821"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031330","article-title":"BCMA Is Essential for the Survival of Long-Lived Bone Marrow Plasma Cells","volume":"199","author":"Raman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00962-7","article-title":"BCMA-Targeted Immunotherapy for Multiple Myeloma","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benmebarek, M.-R., Karches, C.H., Cadilha, B.L., Lesch, S., Endres, S., and Kobold, S. (2019). Killing Mechanisms of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061283"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2018.10.026","article-title":"Bispecific T-Cell Engagers: Towards Understanding Variables Influencing the in Vitro Potency and Tumor Selectivity and Their Modulation to Enhance Their Efficacy and Safety","volume":"154","author":"Ellerman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e432204","DOI":"10.1200\/EDBK_432204","article-title":"Charting the Course: Sequencing Immunotherapy for Multiple Myeloma","volume":"44","author":"Mohan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. Educ. Book"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30788-0","article-title":"Belantamab Mafodotin for Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma (DREAMM-2): A Two-Arm, Randomised, Open-Label, Phase 2 Study","volume":"21","author":"Lonial","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e269","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(24)00385-5","article-title":"Safety and Activity of Talquetamab in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma (MonumenTAL-1): A Multicentre, Open-Label, Phase 1\u20132 Study","volume":"12","author":"Chari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1179\/1607845413Y.0000000079","article-title":"GPRC5D Is a Promising Marker for Monitoring the Tumor Load and to Target Multiple Myeloma Cells","volume":"18","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019003342","article-title":"A T-Cell-Redirecting Bispecific G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Class 5 Member D x CD3 Antibody to Treat Multiple Myeloma","volume":"135","author":"Pillarisetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau7746","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau7746","article-title":"GPRC5D Is a Target for the Immunotherapy of Multiple Myeloma with Rationally Designed CAR T Cells","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7505","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.7505","article-title":"First-in-Human Study of JNJ-79635322 (JNJ-5322), a Novel, next-Generation Trispecific Antibody (TsAb), in Patients (Pts) with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM): Initial Phase 1 Results","volume":"43","author":"Vega","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-023-00879-7","article-title":"Monitoring, Prophylaxis, and Treatment of Infections in Patients with MM Receiving Bispecific Antibody Therapy: Consensus Recommendations from an Expert Panel","volume":"13","author":"Raje","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-3803","article-title":"FDA Approval Summary: Idecabtagene Vicleucel for Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"28","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8009","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.8009","article-title":"CARTITUDE-1 Final Results: Phase 1b\/2 Study of Ciltacabtagene Autoleucel in Heavily Pretreated Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"41","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5515","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-24-1872","article-title":"FDA Approval Summary: Teclistamab\u2013A Bispecific CD3 T-Cell Engager for Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"30","author":"Baines","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02528-9","article-title":"Elranatamab in Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Phase 2 MagnetisMM-3 Trial Results","volume":"29","author":"Lesokhin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.24.01008","article-title":"Linvoseltamab for Treatment of Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"42","author":"Bumma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3746","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34987","article-title":"Single-agent Belantamab Mafodotin in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Final Analysis of the DREAMM-2 Trial","volume":"129","author":"Nooka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arvanitis, P., Tziotis, A., Papadimatos, S., and Farmakiotis, D. (2025). Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Cytokine Release Syndrome in Patients with Cancer: Focus on Infectious Disease Considerations. Curr. Oncol., 32.","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol32040198"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cosenza, M., Sacchi, S., and Pozzi, S. (2021). Cytokine Release Syndrome Associated with T-Cell-Based Therapies for Hematological Malignancies: Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147652"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tvedt, T.H.A., Vo, A.K., Bruserud, \u00d8., and Reikvam, H. (2021). Cytokine Release Syndrome in the Immunotherapy of Hematological Malignancies: The Biology behind and Possible Clinical Consequences. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10215190"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.07.025","article-title":"Cytokine Release Syndrome and Neurotoxicity Following CAR T-Cell Therapy for Hematologic Malignancies","volume":"146","author":"Freyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-025-02679-y","article-title":"ICANS Risk Model in CD19 CAR-T Therapy: Insights from Serum and CSF Cytokine Profiling","volume":"60","author":"Carbonell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1177\/10600280241271192","article-title":"Targeting GPRC5D with Talquetamab: A New Frontier in Bispecific Antibody Therapy for Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"59","author":"Shaver","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e459","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(24)00077-2","article-title":"Immune Effector Cell-Associated Hematotoxicity after CAR T-Cell Therapy: From Mechanism to Management","volume":"11","author":"Rejeski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-025-01386-7","article-title":"Talquetamab in Relapsed Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Multi-Institutional Real-World Study","volume":"15","author":"Szabo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e90062ca","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HS9.0000967680.90062.ca","article-title":"S192: TALQUETAMAB (TAL) + DARATUMUMAB (DARA) in PATIENTS (PTS) with RELAPSED\/REFRACTORY MULTIPLE MYELOMA (RRMM): UPDATED TRIMM-2 RESULTS","volume":"7","author":"Bahlis","year":"2023","journal-title":"HemaSphere"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71276","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.71276","article-title":"Characterization and Management of Cytokine Release Syndrome from the MonumenTAL-1 Study of Talquetamab in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"14","author":"Chari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2203478","article-title":"Teclistamab in Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"387","author":"Moreau","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8011","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.8011","article-title":"Long-Term Follow-up from MajesTEC-1 of Teclistamab, a B-Cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA) x CD3 Bispecific Antibody, in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM)","volume":"41","author":"Moreau","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeda, T., Kawabata, K., Bouno, A., Nakajima, Y., Fujimaki, K., and Nakajima, H. (2026, April 09). The Effect of Elranatamab against Multiple Myeloma Cells Is Mediated by CD8+ Cells. Available online: https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=6043266.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6043266"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5898","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023010539","article-title":"Infections Following Bispecific Antibodies in Myeloma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Reynolds","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2025017366","article-title":"Infections after Bispecific Antibodies in B-Cell Lymphomas","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00933-8","article-title":"Ciltacabtagene Autoleucel, a B-Cell Maturation Antigen-Directed Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma (CARTITUDE-1): A Phase 1b\/2 Open-Label Study","volume":"398","author":"Berdeja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2023000435","article-title":"Managing Side Effects: Guidance for Use of Immunotherapies in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"2023","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Zhao, L., Wang, J., Yao, Y., Wang, J., Ji, S., Hua, T., Wang, S., Cheng, H., and Shi, M. (2022). Correlation of Cytokine Release Syndrome with Prognosis After Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy: Analysis of 54 Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.814548"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3362","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-24-4181","article-title":"FDA Approval Summary: Idecabtagene Vicleucel for the Treatment of Triple-Class Exposed, Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"31","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S510408","article-title":"Ciltacabtagene Autoleucel for the Treatment of Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Efficacy, Safety, and Place in Therapy","volume":"17","author":"Goel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2025.11.004","article-title":"Linvoseltamab in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma in the LINKER-MM1 Study: Longer Follow-Up and Subgroup Analyses","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2022-162440","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Elranatamab in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma Na\u00efve to B-Cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA)-Directed Therapies: Results from Cohort a of the Magnetismm-3 Study","volume":"140","author":"Bahlis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2204591","article-title":"Talquetamab, a T-Cell\u2013Redirecting GPRC5D Bispecific Antibody for Multiple Myeloma","volume":"387","author":"Chari","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2022-159707","article-title":"Talquetamab, a G Protein-Coupled Receptor Family C Group 5 Member D x CD3 Bispecific Antibody, in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM): Phase 1\/2 Results from MonumenTAL-1","volume":"140","author":"Chari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2448898","DOI":"10.1080\/16078454.2024.2448898","article-title":"Risk of Infections in Bispecific Antibody Therapy for Multiple Myeloma: A Comprehensive Review of Literature","volume":"30","author":"Alshammari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.18909","article-title":"Recommendations on Prevention of Infections during Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell and Bispecific Antibody Therapy in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"203","author":"Mohan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aqil, M.S., Al-Marrawi, Y., Yaldo, M., Abu-Mahfouz, A., Singh, L., Gopishetty, S., Idogun, P., Ezekwudo, D., Jaiyesimi, I., and Weiner, A.J. (2025). Ocular Toxicities of Targeted Therapies and Immunotherapies in Hematologic Malignancies. Front. Oncol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1691518"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.6004\/jadpro.2023.14.4.4","article-title":"Management of Ocular Toxicity in Patients Receiving Belantamab Mafodotin","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pract. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2774","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2022.281772","article-title":"Real-World Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Belantamab Mafodotin (GSK2857916) in Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma Based on Data from the Nominative ATU in France: The IFM 2020-04 Study","volume":"108","author":"Talbot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-020-00280-8","article-title":"Corneal Epithelial Findings in Patients with Multiple Myeloma Treated with Antibody-Drug Conjugate Belantamab Mafodotin in the Pivotal, Randomized, DREAMM-2 Study","volume":"9","author":"Farooq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wahab, A., Rafae, A., Mushtaq, K., Masood, A., Ehsan, H., Khakwani, M., and Khan, A. (2021). Ocular Toxicity of Belantamab Mafodotin, an Oncological Perspective of Management in Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.678634"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-3202","article-title":"Modulation of Macropinocytosis-Mediated Internalization Decreases Ocular Toxicity of Antibody-Drug Conjugates","volume":"78","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.14208","article-title":"Ocular Adverse Events Following CAR-T Cell Therapy: A Pharmacovigilance Study and Systematic Review","volume":"113","author":"Frey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2025.10.003","article-title":"Dose Delays and Treatment Interruptions Secondary to Ocular Toxicity from BCMA-Directed Antibody Drug Conjugate Therapy in Relapsed Multiple Myeloma","volume":"26","author":"Rees","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2025.05.019","article-title":"Practical Guidance on the Clinical Management of Belantamab Mafodotin for Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Recommendations from the Middle East and North Africa Expert Panel","volume":"25","author":"Sahli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s40487-025-00354-2","article-title":"Practical Guidance on the Clinical Management of Ocular Adverse Events Associated with Belantamab Mafodotin for Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Latin American Expert Panel Recommendations","volume":"13","author":"Hungria","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5708","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2025016949","article-title":"Modification of Belantamab Mafodotin Dosing to Balance Efficacy and Tolerability in the DREAMM-7 and DREAMM-8 Trials","volume":"9","author":"Mateos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mor\u00e8, S., Offidani, M., Corvatta, L., Petrucci, M.T., and Fazio, F. (2023). Belantamab Mafodotin: From Clinical Trials Data to Real-Life Experiences. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202304.1161.v1"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2024.05.003","article-title":"Clinical Management of Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma Treated with Talquetamab","volume":"24","author":"Chari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-023-00966-9","article-title":"GPRC5D as a Novel Target for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma: A Narrative Review","volume":"14","author":"Pillarisetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5955094","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HS9.0000967676.59550.94","article-title":"S191: PIVOTAL PHASE 2 MONUMENTAL-1 RESULTS of TALQUETAMAB (TAL), a GPRC5DXCD3 BISPECIFIC ANTIBODY (BSAB), for RELAPSED\/REFRACTORY MULTIPLE MYELOMA (RRMM)","volume":"7","author":"Touzeau","year":"2023","journal-title":"HemaSphere"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2022-157988","article-title":"RG6234, a GPRC5DxCD3 T-Cell Engaging Bispecific Antibody, Is Highly Active in Patients (Pts) with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM): Updated Intravenous (IV) and First Subcutaneous (SC) Results from a Phase I Dose-Escalation Study","volume":"140","author":"Mazza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S91","DOI":"10.1016\/S2152-2650(21)02229-1","article-title":"P-095: Normal Human Tissue Expression of G-Protein Coupled Receptor 5D (GPRC5D), a Promising Novel Target for Multiple Myeloma, Is Restricted to Plasma Cells and Hard Keratinized Tissues","volume":"21","author":"Goldsmith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HS9.0000843612.41180.42","article-title":"S180: RG6234, A Novel GPRC5D T-Cell Engaging Bispecific Antibody, Induces Rapid Responses in Patients with Re-lapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Preliminary Results from a First-in-Human Trial","volume":"6","author":"Hutchings","year":"2022","journal-title":"HemaSphere"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202X.2004.12628.x","article-title":"The RAIG Family Member, GPRC5D, Is Associated with Hard-Keratinized Structures","volume":"122","author":"Inoue","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020003805","article-title":"Preclinical Activity and Determinants of Response of the GPRC5DxCD3 Bispecific Antibody Talquetamab in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"5","author":"Verkleij","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2209900","article-title":"GPRC5D-Targeted CAR T Cells for Myeloma","volume":"387","author":"Mailankody","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e107","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(22)00372-6","article-title":"GPRC5D CAR T Cells (OriCAR-017) in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma (POLARIS): A First-in-Human, Single-Centre, Single-Arm, Phase 1 Trial","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2024.12.002","article-title":"Neurotoxicity and Rare Adverse Events in BCMA-Directed CAR T Cell Therapy: A Comprehensive Analysis of Real-World FAERS Data","volume":"31","author":"Ellithi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transplant. Cell. Ther."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e203","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00715-0","article-title":"Non-ICANS Neurological Complications after CAR T-Cell Therapies: Recommendations from the EBMT Practice Harmonisation and Guidelines Committee","volume":"26","author":"Graham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2303379","article-title":"Cilta-Cel or Standard Care in Lenalidomide-Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"389","author":"Dhakal","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2023-178743","article-title":"Clinical Experience with Cranial Nerve Impairment in the CARTITUDE-1, CARTITUDE-2 Cohorts A, B, and C, and Cartitude-4 Studies of Ciltacabtagene Autoleucel (Cilta-Cel)","volume":"142","author":"Sidana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Besien, H.J., Ozkan, G., Easton, N., Tix, T., Alhomoud, M., Shouval, R., Rejeski, K., and Yamshon, S. (2026). Non-ICANS Neurologic Toxicity after BCMA CAR T: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 4630 Multiple Myeloma Patients. Blood Adv., bloodadvances.2026019617.","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2026019617"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"CD001942","article-title":"Corticosteroids for Bell\u2019s Palsy (Idiopathic Facial Paralysis)","volume":"7","author":"Madhok","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-026-02933-2","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of CAR T Cells in Multiple Myeloma\u2014The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly","volume":"40","author":"Merz","year":"2026","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01564-7","article-title":"Neurocognitive and Hypokinetic Movement Disorder with Features of Parkinsonism after BCMA-Targeting CAR-T Cell Therapy","volume":"27","author":"Aleman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-022-00629-1","article-title":"Incidence and Management of CAR-T Neurotoxicity in Patients with Multiple Myeloma Treated with Ciltacabtagene Autoleucel in CARTITUDE Studies","volume":"12","author":"Cohen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"2443","article-title":"How I Treat Unique and Difficult to Manage Cases of CAR T-Cell Therapy Associated Neurotoxicity","volume":"141","author":"Santomasso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024028172","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide Mitigates Non-ICANS Neurotoxicities Following Ciltacabtagene Autoleucel Treatment","volume":"145","author":"Blumenberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-24-01785","article-title":"Phase I Trial of MCARH109, a G Protein Coupled Receptor Class C Group 5 Member D (GPRC5D)-Targeted CAR T-Cell Therapy for Multiple Myeloma: Updated Analysis","volume":"43","author":"Jurgens","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7522","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.7522","article-title":"Investigating the Association between Peak Post-Infusion Absolute Lymphocyte Count (ALC) and Delayed Toxicity in Myeloma (MM) Patients (Pts) Receiving Cilta-Cel","volume":"43","author":"Lim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.14740\/jh2046","article-title":"Ruxolitinib Is an Effective Therapy for Ciltacabtagene Autoleucel-Associated Parkinsonism in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"14","author":"Wirk","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024025679","article-title":"Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, and Management of Acute Myelopathy Following CAR T-Cell Therapy","volume":"144","author":"Santomasso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X251332492","article-title":"Neurological Complications Associated with Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy","volume":"45","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorson, K.C. (2025). Evolving Understanding of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome Pathophysiology and the Central Role of the Classical Complement Pathway in Axonal Injury. Front. Neurol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1572949"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00517-1","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome","volume":"397","author":"Shahrizaila","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilroe, K.M., Clarke, J.E., Ann, P., Salamon, N., and Acharya, J. (2025). Guillain-Barre Syndrome in Patients Receiving Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis. Front. Neurol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1704826"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-024-01167-8","article-title":"Immune Effector Cell-Associated Enterocolitis Following Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"14","author":"Fortuna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-025-01319-4","article-title":"Is Immune Effector Cell-Associated Enterocolitis a CAR T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder?","volume":"15","author":"Somay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-025-01320-x","article-title":"Managing IEC-Associated Enterocolitis Following CAR-T Therapy in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"15","author":"Banerjee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Shan, C., Zhang, X., Liu, Y., Xia, Y., and Wang, Y. (2024). Cardiovascular Adverse Events Associated with Targeted Therapies for Multiple Myeloma: A Pharmacovigilance Study. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1400101"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-023-00849-z","article-title":"Cardiac Toxicities in Multiple Myeloma: An Updated and a Deeper Look into the Effect of Different Medications and Novel Therapies","volume":"13","author":"Moukalled","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-024-01634-2","article-title":"Cardiotoxic Effects Following CAR-T Cell Therapy: A Literature Review","volume":"27","author":"Joseph","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024850","article-title":"Idecabtagene Vicleucel in Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"384","author":"Munshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.10.038","article-title":"Cardiovascular Events Among Adults Treated with Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cells (CAR-T)","volume":"74","author":"Alvi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2024.2448713","article-title":"Variance in Development of Early and Late Cardiotoxicities in Patients with Lymphoma and Myeloma Receiving CAR T-Cell Therapies","volume":"66","author":"Grunblatt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burns, E.A., Gentille, C., Trachtenberg, B., Pingali, S.R., and Anand, K. (2021). Cardiotoxicity Associated with Anti-CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell (CAR-T) Therapy: Recognition, Risk Factors, and Management. Diseases, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases9010020"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J.-H., Liu, K.-Y., Zhao, X., Zhou, X., and Jiang, Y. (2025). Cardiovascular Toxicities Associated with Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1578157"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5479","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023012522","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms Promoting Long-Term Cytopenia after BCMA CAR-T Therapy in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"8","author":"Berastegui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Zhao, L., Sun, Z., Yao, Y., Li, L., Wang, J., Hua, T., Ji, S., Wang, S., and Cheng, H. (2022). Prolonged Hematological Toxicity in Patients Receiving BCMA\/CD19 CAR-T-Cell Therapy for Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1019548"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6330","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol30070467","article-title":"Toxicity Profile of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell and Bispecific Antibody Therapies in Multiple Myeloma: Pathogenesis, Prevention and Management","volume":"30","author":"Markouli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5527","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2024014308","article-title":"Cytopenias in BCMA CAR T: Unraveling Inflammatory Mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Sperling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.46989\/001c.126463","article-title":"Prolonged Cytopenia with CAR-T Cell Therapy and Management Recommendations","volume":"7","author":"Dahunsi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Hematol. Int."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"2460","article-title":"How I Treat Cytopenias after CAR T-Cell Therapy","volume":"141","author":"Jain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"101161","article-title":"Systematic Literature Review of Secondary Primary Malignancies Related to a CAR-T Treatment in Patients with Multiple Myeloma, Lymphoma or Leukemia","volume":"47","author":"Agha","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4690","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-24-1798","article-title":"Second Primary Malignancies after CAR T-Cell Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 5,517 Lymphoma and Myeloma Patients","volume":"30","author":"Tix","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-025-02574-x","article-title":"Emerging T-Cell Lymphomas after CAR T-Cell Therapy","volume":"39","author":"Braun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024025828","article-title":"T-Cell Lymphomas in Recipients of CAR-T Cells: Assessing Risks and Causalities","volume":"144","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Napoli, R., Balzano, N., Ruggiero, R., Mascolo, A., Scavone, C., di Mauro, G., and Capuano, A. (2024). T-Cell Malignancies Following CAR T-Cell Therapy: Insights from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Expert Opin. Drug Saf., 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2024.2443965"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2504588","article-title":"Targeted Therapy of CAR+ T-Cell Lymphoma after Anti-BCMA CAR-T","volume":"393","author":"Aleman","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2025.11.005","article-title":"CD30+ T-Cell Lymphoma Following Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy (CART-Cell Therapy): Diagnostic Uncertainty in a Postimmunotherapy Setting","volume":"67","author":"McClanahan","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03499-9","article-title":"Multiomic Profiling of T Cell Lymphoma after Therapy with Anti-BCMA CAR T Cells and GPRC5D-Directed Bispecific Antibody","volume":"31","author":"Braun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2025.2560085","article-title":"The Risk of Second Primary Malignancies in Patients Receiving T-Cell Directed Therapies for Multiple Myeloma: A Systematic Review","volume":"67","author":"Park","year":"2026","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102684","article-title":"Characterization of Second Primary Malignancies Post CAR T-Cell Therapy: Real-World Insights from the Two Global Pharmacovigilance Databases of FAERS and VigiBase","volume":"73","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2025045","DOI":"10.4084\/MJHID.2025.045","article-title":"Bispecific Antibodies and CAR T in Multiple Myeloma: Appropriate Selection of Patients and Sequencing","volume":"17","author":"Puppi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mediterr. J. Hematol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2023.12.015","article-title":"Impact of Frailty on Outcomes after Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy for Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"30","author":"Davis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transplant. Cell. Ther."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e355","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(21)00060-0","article-title":"Outcomes in Patients Treated with Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy Who Were Admitted to Intensive Care (CARTTAS): An International, Multicentre, Observational Cohort Study","volume":"8","author":"Azoulay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12052","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.12052","article-title":"Association of Frailty and High-Risk Immuno-Nutritional Score with Outcomes in Patients with Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma Treated with Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cells","volume":"41","author":"Modi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.70037","article-title":"Role of Frailty in Assessing Eligibility for CAR T-Cell Therapy in Haematology","volume":"116","author":"Clesham","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2024014970","article-title":"Outcomes of Older Adults and Frail Patients Receiving Idecabtagene Vicleucel: A CIBMTR Study","volume":"9","author":"Akhtar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.19302","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Idecabtagene Vicleucel in Patients with Relapsed\u2013Refractory Multiple Myeloma Not Meeting the KarMMa-1 Trial Eligibility Criteria: A Real-World Multicentre Study","volume":"204","author":"Dima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023010003","article-title":"Prospective Geriatric Assessment and Geriatric Consultation in CAR T-Cell Therapy for Older Patients with Lymphoma","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-024-00903-0","article-title":"Advances in the Mechanisms and Management of CAR T-Cell Toxicities","volume":"21","author":"Brudno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01465-x","article-title":"The CAR-HEMATOTOX Score as a Prognostic Model of Toxicity and Response in Patients Receiving BCMA-Directed CAR-T for Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"16","author":"Rejeski","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3785","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2024012727","article-title":"Optimization of Older Adults by a Geriatric Assessment\u2013Guided Multidisciplinary Clinic before CAR T-Cell Therapy","volume":"8","author":"Yates","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/S2152-2650(23)01572-0","article-title":"OA-05 Efficacy of Forimtamig, a GPRC5DxCD3 Bispecific Antibody, in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM): Analysis of Patient and Disease-Related Factors Associated with Responses","volume":"23","author":"Harrison","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2025-91","article-title":"A First-in-Human, Phase I\/II, Open-Label, Multicenter, Dose Escalation and Expansion Study of Lbl-034, a Conditionally Activated Bispecific Antibody Targeting GPRC5D and CD3 with a 2:1 Format, in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"146","author":"Dou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7527","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.7527","article-title":"Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Etentamig, a B-Cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA) Bispecific Antibody in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM)","volume":"43","author":"Baljevic","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-199542","article-title":"Cevostamab in Patients with Heavily Pretreated Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM): Updated Results from an Ongoing Phase I Study Demonstrate Clinically Meaningful Activity and Manageable Safety and Inform the Doses and Regimen for Combination Studies","volume":"144","author":"Richter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CT013","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2023-CT013","article-title":"Abstract CT013: Safety and Efficacy from the Phase 1\/2 First-in-Human Study of REGN5459, a BCMA\u00d7CD3 Bispecific Antibody with Low CD3 Affinity, in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"83","author":"Suvannasankha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-193738","article-title":"A Phase I Study of a Novel BCMA\u00d7CD3 Bispecific Antibody Emb-06 in Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"144","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2023-187706","article-title":"Talquetamab + Pomalidomide in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Safety and Preliminary Efficacy Results from the Phase 1b MonumenTAL-2 Study","volume":"142","author":"Matous","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2025029360","article-title":"Talquetamab plus Daratumumab for the Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma in the TRIMM-2 Study","volume":"146","author":"Chari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2514752","article-title":"Dual Targeting of Extramedullary Myeloma with Talquetamab and Teclistamab","volume":"394","author":"Kumar","year":"2026","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-208189","article-title":"First Results of a Phase 1, First-in-Human, Dose Escalation Study of ISB 2001, a BCMAxCD38xCD3 Targeting Trispecific Antibody in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM)","volume":"144","author":"Quach","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1016\/S2152-2650(25)03488-3","article-title":"First-in-Human Study of GPRC5D-Targeted CAR T-Cell Therapy CT071 with an Accelerated Manufacturing Process for the Treatment of Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"25","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-201356","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety with Extended Follow-up in a Phase 1 Study of BMS-986393, a G Protein-Coupled Receptor Class C Group 5 Member D (GPRC5D)-Targeted CAR T Cell Therapy, in Patients (Pts) with Heavily Pretreated Relapsed\/Refractory (RR) Multiple Myeloma (MM)","volume":"144","author":"Bal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2025030559","article-title":"The Fully Human Anti-GPRC5D CAR T-Cell Therapy RD118 Induces Durable Remissions in Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"147","author":"Pan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2025-269","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of AZD0120, a BCMA\/CD19 Dual-Targeting CAR T-Cell Therapy, in Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Preliminary Results from the DURGA-1 Phase 1b\/2 Study","volume":"146","author":"Richard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2025-256","article-title":"Phase 2 Registrational Study of Anitocabtagene Autoleucel for the Treatment of Patients with Relapsed and\/or Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Updated Results from iMMagine\u20131","volume":"146","author":"Patel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.35107","article-title":"Incidence, Timing, and Management of Infections in Patients Receiving Teclistamab for the Treatment of Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma in the MajesTEC-1 Study","volume":"130","author":"Nooka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/13\/2083\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T02:38:07Z","timestamp":1782700687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/13\/2083"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers18132083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers18132083","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]}}}