{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T06:01:07Z","timestamp":1782972067454,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AIRC","award":["26195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26195"]}]},{"name":"FAR"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of a series of chronic inflammatory diseases such as HTLV-associated myelopathy\/Tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP), uveitis, dermatitis, and pneumonitis, and, importantly, of a T-cell lymphoproliferative neoplasm designed adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma (ATL). Two viral proteins, Tax-1 and HBZ, are crucially involved in HTLV-1 infectivity and in ATL by altering key pathways of cell homeostasis. A fundamental distinction between the expression of the two oncoproteins exists, witnessed by the fact that Tax-1 is expressed in early phases of HTLV-1 infectivity and ATL onset but may be lost in a substantial number of established ATL, whereas HBZ is always expressed in all phases of HTLV-1 infection and in all ATL. Additionally, while Tax-1 can be localized both in the cytoplasm and nucleus in all cases of disease, recent evidence indicate that HBZ is localized solely in the cytoplasm in cells of HTLV-1-infected individuals, asymptomatic carriers (AC) and patients suffering from HAM\/TSP. Importantly, ATL instead marks a progressive dislocation of HBZ in the nucleus. Thus, both the expression and the subcellular localization of HBZ represent distinctive elements in the process of HTLV-1-associated pathology. Within this frame, recent studies point to a very important involvement of HBZ in disarranging the homeostasis of the cell not only at the transcriptional but most importantly at the post-transcriptional level as a result of the interaction with crucial factors regulating RNA splicing and stability. These recent aspects of the HBZ biology will be discussed for their implication in HTLV-1-mediated oncogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18132101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T02:16:44Z","timestamp":1782699404000},"page":"2101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The HTLV-1 HBZ Oncoprotein and Its Role in Adult T-Cell Leukemia\/Lymphoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2493-7378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto S.","family":"Accolla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology \u201cGiovanna Tosi\u201d, Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6907-892X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariam","family":"Shallak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology \u201cGiovanna Tosi\u201d, Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1987-7761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greta","family":"Forlani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology \u201cGiovanna Tosi\u201d, Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7415","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.12.7415","article-title":"Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"77","author":"Poiesz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.6.2031","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of retrovirus from cell lines of human adult T-cell leukemia and its implication in the disease","volume":"79","author":"Yoshida","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gessain, A., and Cassar, O. (2012). Epidemiological Aspects and World Distribution of HTLV-1 Infection. Front. Microbiol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00388"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1080115","article-title":"Spread of HTLV-I between lymphocytes by virus-induced polarization of the cytoskeleton","volume":"299","author":"Igakura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pique, C., and Jones, K.S. (2012). Pathways of cell-cell transmission of HTLV-1. Front. Microbiol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00378"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2013.11.003","article-title":"HTLV-1 clonality in adult T-cell leukaemia and non-malignant HTLV-1 infection","volume":"26","author":"Bangham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sem. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92734-5","article-title":"Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type-I in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis","volume":"2","author":"Gessain","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91298-5","article-title":"HTLV-I associated myelopathy, a new clinical entity","volume":"1","author":"Osame","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forlani, G., Shallak, M., Accolla, R.S., and Romanelli, M.G. (2021). HTLV-1 Infection and Pathogenesis: New Insights from Cellular and Animal Models. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158001"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-025-02006-7","article-title":"Intragenic viral silencer element regulates HTLV-1 latency via RUNX complex recruitment","volume":"10","author":"Sugata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tagaya, Y., and Gallo, R.C. (2017). The Exceptional Oncogenicity of HTLV-1. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01425"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Hajj, H., Tsukasaki, K., Cheminant, M., Bazarbachi, A., Watanabe, T., and Hermine, O. (2020). Novel Treatments of Adult T Cell Leukemia Lymphoma. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01062"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5965","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208975","article-title":"Deregulation of cell-signaling pathways in HTLV-1 infection","volume":"24","author":"Hall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2111","article-title":"Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infectivity and cellular transformation","volume":"7","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10719","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00813-11","article-title":"Major histocompatibility complex class II transactivator CIITA is a viral restriction factor that targets human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Tax-1 function and inhibits viral replication","volume":"85","author":"Tosi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forlani, G., Abdallah, R., Accolla, R.S., and Tosi, G. (2013). The MHC-II transactivator CIITA, a restriction factor against oncogenic HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 retroviruses: Similarities and differences in the inhibition of Tax-1 and Tax-2 viral transactivators. Front. Microbiol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00234"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0574","article-title":"Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 tax protein increases NF-kappa B dimer formation and antagonizes the inhibitory activity of the I kappa B alpha regulatory protein","volume":"225","author":"Petropoulos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3708","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03000-15","article-title":"The Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Transactivator CIITA Inhibits the Persistent Activation of NF-\u03baB by the Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Tax-1 Oncoprotein","volume":"90","author":"Forlani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5976","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208978","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of cellular transformation by HTLV-1 Tax","volume":"24","author":"Grassmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20007","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic inactivation of tax gene in adult T-cell leukemia cells","volume":"109","author":"Takeda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.12469.2","article-title":"Single-cell heterogeneity and cell-cycle-related viral gene bursts in the human leukaemia virus HTLV-1","volume":"2","author":"Billman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1269","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1715724115","article-title":"Sporadic on\/off switching of HTLV-1 Tax expression is crucial to maintain the whole population of virus-induced leukemic cells","volume":"115","author":"Mahgoub","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-023-00841-7","article-title":"Primary cells from patients with adult T cell leukemia\/lymphoma depend on HTLV-1 Tax expression for NF-\u03baB activation and survival","volume":"13","author":"Hleihel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.2000.2156","article-title":"The role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection","volume":"207","author":"Asquith","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-020-0511-0","article-title":"HTLV-1 bZIP factor: The key viral gene for pathogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(89)92322-X","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus minus strand transcription in infected T-cells","volume":"163","author":"Larocca","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12813","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.24.12813-12822.2002","article-title":"The complementary strand of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 RNA genome encodes a bZIP transcription factor that down-regulates viral transcription","volume":"76","author":"Gaudray","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, R.H., Zimmer, A., Moutot, G., Mesnard, J.M., and Chazal, N. (2021). Retroviral Antisense Transcripts and Genes: 33 Years after First Predicted, a Silent Retroviral Revolution?. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112221"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30029-9","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a novel enhancer in the HTLV-1 proviral genome","volume":"13","author":"Matsuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-3-15","article-title":"HTLV-I antisense transcripts initiating in the 3\u2019LTR are alternatively spliced and polyadenylated","volume":"3","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.5.2495-2505.2006","article-title":"A novel alternative splicing isoform of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 bZIP factor (HBZ-SI) targets distinct subnuclear localization","volume":"80","author":"Murata","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-016-0249-x","article-title":"Multifaceted functions and roles of HBZ in HTLV-1 pathogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-5-34","article-title":"Characteristic expression of HTLV-1 basic zipper factor (HBZ) transcripts in HTLV-1 provirus-positive cells","volume":"5","author":"Usui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1389","article-title":"Thymus-derived leukemia-lymphoma in mice transgenic for the Tax gene of human T-lymphotropic virus type I","volume":"12","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satou, Y., Yasunaga, J., Zhao, T., Yoshida, M., Miyazato, P., Takai, K., Shimizu, K., Ohshima, K., Green, P.L., and Ohkura, N. (2011). HTLV-1 bZIP factor induces T-cell lymphoma and systemic inflammation in vivo. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001274"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.01727","article-title":"Nuclear localization of HTLV-I bZIP factor (HBZ) is mediated by three distinct motifs","volume":"118","author":"Hivin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-015-0186-0","article-title":"Localization, quantification and interaction with host factors of endogenous HTLV-1 HBZ protein in infected cells and ATL","volume":"12","author":"Raval","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baratella, M., Forlani, G., Raval, G.U., Tedeschi, A., Gout, O., Gessain, A., Tosi, G., and Accolla, R.S. (2017). Cytoplasmic Localization of HTLV-1 HBZ Protein: A Biomarker of HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy\/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM\/TSP). PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005285"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baratella, M., Forlani, G., and Accolla, R.S. (2017). HTLV-1 HBZ Viral Protein: A Key Player in HTLV-1 Mediated Diseases. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02615"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forlani, G., Baratella, M., Tedeschi, A., Pique, C., Jacobson, S., and Accolla, R.S. (2019). HTLV-1 HBZ Protein Resides Exclusively in the Cytoplasm of Infected Cells in Asymptomatic Carriers and HAM\/TSP Patients. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00819"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5335.141","article-title":"Evidence for a role of CRM1 in signal-mediated nuclear protein export","volume":"278","author":"Bachelerie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Accolla, R.S. (2022). The Road to HTLV-1-Induced Leukemia by Following the Subcellular Localization of HTLV-1-Encoded HBZ Protein. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.940131"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamano, Y., Araya, N., Sato, T., Utsunomiya, A., Azakami, K., Hasegawa, D., Izumi, T., Fujita, H., Aratani, S., and Yagishita, N. (2009). Abnormally high levels of virus-infected IFN-\u03b3+ CCR4+ CD4+ CD25+ T cells in a retrovirus-associated neuroinflammatory disorder. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006517"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.3390\/v3091532","article-title":"Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and regulatory T cells in HTLV-1-associated neuroinflammatory disease","volume":"3","author":"Araya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enose-Akahata, Y., Vellucci, A., and Jacobson, S. (2017). Role of HTLV-1 Tax and HBZ in the Pathogenesis of HAM\/TSP. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02563"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leal, F.E., Ndhlovu, L.C., Hasenkrug, A.M., Bruno, F.R., Carvalho, K.I., Wynn-Williams, H., Neto, W.K., Sanabani, S.S., Segurado, A.C., and Nixon, D.F. (2013). Expansion in CD39+ CD4+ immunoregulatory t cells and rarity of Th17 cells in HTLV-1 infected patients is associated with neurological complications. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002028"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3431","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI75250","article-title":"HTLV-1 induces a Th1-like state in CD4+CCR4+ T cells","volume":"124","author":"Araya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2020.272468","article-title":"Dual cytoplasmic and nuclear localization of HTLV-1-encoded HBZ protein is a unique feature of adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"106","author":"Forlani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2013.181","article-title":"HTLV-1 HBZ positively regulates the mTOR signaling pathway via inhibition of GADD34 activity in the cytoplasm","volume":"33","author":"Mukai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2420756122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2420756122","article-title":"JunB-HBZ nuclear translocation by TGF-\u03b2 is a key driver in HTLV-1-mediated leukemogenesis","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moghadam, N., Xiao, Y., Dragon, F., and Barbeau, B. (2025). HTLV-I Basic Leucine Zipper Factor (sHBZ) Actively Associates with Nucleophosmin (B23) in the Nucleolus. Viruses, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/v17050727"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandermeulen, C., O\u2019Grady, T., Wayet, J., Galvan, B., Maseko, S., Cherkaoui, M., Desbuleux, A., Coppin, G., Olivet, J., and Ben Ameur, L. (2021). The HTLV-1 viral oncoproteins Tax and HBZ reprogram the cellular mRNA splicing landscape. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009919"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shallak, M., Alberio, T., Fasano, M., Monti, M., Iacobucci, I., Ladet, J., Mortreux, F., Accolla, R.S., and Forlani, G. (2022). The endogenous HBZ interactome in ATL leukemic cells reveals an unprecedented complexity of host interacting partners involved in RNA splicing. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.939863"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16853-x","article-title":"Intragenic recruitment of NF-\u03baB drives splicing modifications upon activation by the oncogene Tax of HTLV-1","volume":"11","author":"Ameur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507631103","article-title":"HTLV-I basic leucine zipper factor gene mRNA supports proliferation of adult T cell leukemia cells","volume":"103","author":"Satou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4143","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-0942","article-title":"HTLV-1 bZIP Factor RNA and Protein Impart Distinct Functions on T-cell Proliferation and Survival","volume":"75","author":"Mitobe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5574","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020001675","article-title":"Epigenetic silencing of HTLV-1 expression by the HBZ RNA through interference with the basal transcription machinery","volume":"4","author":"Gazon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4855","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-11-316463","article-title":"Kinetics and intracellular compartmentalization of HTLV-1 gene expression: Nuclear retention of HBZ mRNAs","volume":"117","author":"Rende","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2014783118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2014783118","article-title":"Human retroviral antisense mRNAs are retained in the nuclei of infected cells for viral persistence","volume":"118","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6082","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-3564","article-title":"HTLV-1 bZIP factor HBZ promotes cell proliferation and genetic instability by activating OncomiRs","volume":"74","author":"Vernin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maksimova, V., Wilkie, T., Smith, S., Phelps, C., Melvin, C., Yu, L., Niewiesk, S., Green, P.L., and Panfil, A.R. (2023). HTLV-1 Hbz protein, but not hbz mRNA secondary structure, is critical for viral persistence and disease development. PLoS Pathog., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011459"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/13\/2101\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T04:43:10Z","timestamp":1782967390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/13\/2101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers18132101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers18132101","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]}}}