{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T11:24:41Z","timestamp":1787743481272,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Our objective was to develop and evaluate a locally trained knowledge-based planning (KBP) model for head and neck (H&amp;N), brain, and central nervous system malignancies using RapidPlan, and to determine whether standard statistical metrics such as the coefficient of determination (R2) and outlier frequency are definitive predictors of clinical utility. Methods: An institutional dataset of 594 plans was retrospectively curated into a 497-plan training set. Performance was evaluated in 370 paired plan comparisons generated with identical beam geometry. Training\u2013validation overlap was explicitly quantified at both plan and patient levels, and a plan-level held-out sensitivity analysis was performed. Additional analyses included monitor units (MUs), subgroup assessment, clinically relevant OAR threshold achievement, and 95% confidence intervals for paired differences. Results: The validation set included 370 plans from 289 patients. At the plan level, 303 validation plans overlapped with the training model, and 67 were held-out cases; at the patient level, no fully patient-independent validation cohort was available. RapidPlan maintained target coverage while reducing OAR doses, including oral cavity Dmean (\u22127.62%Rx; 95% CI: \u22128.91 to \u22126.32; p &lt; 0.001) and larynx Dmean (\u22127.57%Rx; 95% CI: \u22129.14 to \u22126.00; p &lt; 0.001). The same direction of benefit was observed in the plan-level held-out subset. MU did not increase with RapidPlan and decreased from 764.2 \u00b1 275.5 to 695.8 \u00b1 210.3 MU (Delta = \u221268.4 MU; 95% CI: \u221289.4 to \u221247.4; p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: A high R2 was not required for clinically useful optimization objectives in this heterogeneous cohort. However, the retrospective design and patient-level overlap limit claims of full generalizability. The model should therefore be interpreted as a clinically useful standardization and decision-support tool requiring expert review rather than as a replacement for the judgment of physicists and radiation oncologists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18142216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T14:17:51Z","timestamp":1783606671000},"page":"2216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimization of Automated Radiotherapy Planning for Head and Neck Cancers and Brain Tumors Using Knowledge-Based Planning Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Marzena","family":"Janiszewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lower Silesian Oncology, Pulmonology and Hematology Center, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Siudzi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lower Silesian Oncology, Pulmonology and Hematology Center, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Sk\u0142adowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Radiation and Clinical Oncology Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Maciejczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, Lower Silesian Oncology, Pulmonology and Hematology Center, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.04.047","article-title":"Adaptive Replanning Strategies Accounting for Shrinkage in Head and Neck IMRT","volume":"75","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. 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