{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T18:07:49Z","timestamp":1791655669955,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute","award":["U01 CA240747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 CA240747"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Guideline-issuing organizations recommend that women with ovarian cancer undergo genetic testing to identify genetic variants related to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. The National Cancer Institute proposed the Traceback framework to conduct genetic testing on previously untested women and their at-risk relatives. We implemented a pilot Traceback program in three large healthcare systems: Geisinger (GE), Kaiser Permanente Washington (KPWA), and Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States (KPMAS). We evaluated the performance, cost, and efficiency of the implementation. Methods: We developed three decision-analytic models representing implemented programs to evaluate performance and estimate direct implementation costs and efficiency from a healthcare system perspective using a bottom-up micro-costing approach based on real-world data. We generalize our findings by modeling hypothetical Traceback programs based on our implementation using national cost data and literature estimates. Results: The programs identified 450, 240, and 878 living ovarian cancer patients at GE, KPWA, and KPMAS, respectively. Of those, 224 (49.8%), 149 (62.1%), and 224 (25.5%) were previously untested, of which 18 (8.0%), 37 (24.8%), and 74 (33.0%) underwent genetic testing. The program costs were $41,564 (GE), $97,396 (KPWA), and $120,327 (KPMAS), with KPMAS showing the lowest cost per patient tested and cost per case detected ($1626, $17,190) versus ($2309, $41,564) (GE) and ($2632, $48,698) (KPWA). Conclusions: Traceback programs were feasible to implement and were associated with improved genetic testing uptake for ovarian cancer patients in this non-randomized pilot. Evaluable outcomes reflect proband testing; additional data and evaluations are needed for assessing cascade testing. Quantifying costs can inform decision-makers on resource allocation for similar programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18142292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T09:23:14Z","timestamp":1784193794000},"page":"2292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of Costs, Efficiency and Performance of a Pilot Genetic Testing Traceback Program for Ovarian Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4385-2233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina","family":"Hassen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisinger, 100 N. Academy Ave., Danville, PA 17822, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6518-2453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam H.","family":"Buchanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisinger, 100 N. Academy Ave., Danville, PA 17822, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3459-7787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nora B.","family":"Henrikson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Ave., Suite 1360, Seattle, WA 98101, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5073-6336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Cabell","family":"Jonas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, 700-B 2nd Street NE, Washington, DC 20002, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Leppig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracey","family":"Leitzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisinger, 100 N. Academy Ave., Danville, PA 17822, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Scrol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Ave., Suite 1360, Seattle, WA 98101, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1037-6497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrienne N.","family":"Deneal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, 700-B 2nd Street NE, Washington, DC 20002, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Canedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, 700-B 2nd Street NE, Washington, DC 20002, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastatia M.","family":"Kunnmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisinger, 100 N. Academy Ave., Danville, PA 17822, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2513-9298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alanna Kulchak","family":"Rahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9332-3842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisinger, 100 N. Academy Ave., Danville, PA 17822, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1080\/14737140.2017.1299575","article-title":"Epidemiology and treatment patterns of epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"17","author":"Jessmon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anticancer. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2020.02.010","article-title":"Ovarian cancer screening: Current status and future directions","volume":"65","author":"Nash","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"American Cancer Society (2025). 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