{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T04:32:24Z","timestamp":1788496344871,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":253,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014180","name":"Junta de Castilla y Le\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["067\/230003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["067\/230003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014180","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["067\/230003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["067\/230003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02s8dab97","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exercise-induced myokines, such as IL-6, irisin, and myostatin, play crucial roles in mediating systemic adaptations and modulating tumor progression. This narrative review synthesizes evidence on how regular moderate-intensity exercise affects the myokine network within the tumor microenvironment (TME) of solid tumors. Results from the 86 included studies indicate that structured training (aerobic: 45\u201365% VO2 max; resistance: 45\u201370% 1RM) enhances the expression of beneficial myokines that support immune surveillance, reduce inflammation, and improve muscle\u2013tumor cross-talk. IL-6 demonstrates a dual modulatory effect on inflammation and immunity; irisin contributes to tumor apoptosis, while myostatin downregulation supports muscle integrity and metabolic balance. Evidence suggests that exercise-induced alterations in these factors may influence tumor angiogenesis and immune infiltration, offering potential therapeutic implications. Overall, tailored exercise regimens represent a promising non-pharmacological strategy to optimize myokine signaling in cancer management. Further human studies are needed to confirm these mechanistic effects and define optimal exercise protocols. While existing data suggest that structured exercise may beneficially modulate myokine profiles and thereby influence tumor biology, these conclusions are based on limited qualitative evidence rather than quantitative synthesis. Further well-controlled clinical studies are required to confirm causality and define optimal exercise prescriptions for oncology settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18142343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T12:00:17Z","timestamp":1784548817000},"page":"2343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Muscle\u2013Tumor Crosstalk in Exercise Oncology: Exercise-Induced Myokines and Cancer Cachexia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3331-8272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Ahmadi Hekmatikar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 10600, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4977-5494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Bettariga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Performance, Rehabilitation and Population Health, INSIGHT Research Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2021, Australia"},{"name":"Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6565-9270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro L\u00f3pez","family":"Llorente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Burgos Burpellet BH UCI Pro Team, 09007 Burgos, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6522-8896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-L\u00e1zaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Area of Histology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus at Soria, 42004 Soria, Spain"},{"name":"Consolidated Research Group ENSADE (Envejecimiento, Neurociencia, Salud y Desarrollo), Le\u00f3n Biosanitary Research Institute (IBIOLE\u00d3N), 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6572-5809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsuhiko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9605-9522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. 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