{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:34:26Z","timestamp":1792812866070,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":228,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Breast cancer (BC) remains the most frequently diagnosed malignancy among women worldwide, and patient outcome is strongly influenced by disease stage at diagnosis. Although imaging-based screening has improved early detection, its performance may be reduced in dense breast tissue and is associated with false-positive findings. In addition, tissue biopsy is invasive and unsuitable for longitudinal disease monitoring. Liquid biopsy (LB) has emerged as a minimally invasive approach for detecting tumor-derived material in peripheral blood. However, early-stage tumors typically exhibit low tumor burden and limited biomarker shedding, generating weak systemic signals that challenge reliable detection. This review examines current and emerging LB biomarkers for early BC detection. Methods: A comprehensive review of recent literature was conducted focusing on circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), extracellular vesicles (EVs), circulating RNAs, proteins, and other blood-based biomarkers associated with early BC. Studies addressing biomarker biology, detection technologies, clinical applications, and methodological limitations were critically evaluated. Results: ctDNA, CTCs, EVs, circulating RNAs, proteins, and additional blood-based biomarkers capture distinct aspects of tumor biology and disease evolution. ctDNA enables the analysis of tumor-specific mutations, methylation patterns, and fragmentation profiles, whereas CTCs provide direct cellular and phenotypic information despite their rarity and marked epithelial\u2013mesenchymal plasticity. EVs offer increased molecular stability and actively participate in tumor progression, immune modulation, and metastatic niche formation. Nevertheless, low biomarker abundance, biological heterogeneity, technical variability, and background biological noise continue to limit analytical performance, particularly in early-stage disease. Current evidence further suggests that no single biomarker consistently provides sufficient sensitivity and specificity for reliable early BC detection. Conclusions: LB represents a promising strategy for non-invasive early BC detection. Future clinical implementation will likely depend on integrated multi-analyte approaches that combine complementary genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and cellular information, supported by multi-omics technologies and artificial intelligence-based analytical frameworks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18142344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:18:31Z","timestamp":1784553511000},"page":"2344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Early Breast Cancer: Current and Emerging Liquid Biopsy Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Amalia","family":"Kotsifaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charikleia-Rafaela","family":"Masoura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Limogianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Kalouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0998-6195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha","family":"Stathaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Elena Venizelou Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Armakolas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotsifaki, A., Alevizopoulos, N., Dimopoulou, V., and Armakolas, A. (2023). Unveiling the Immune Microenvironment\u2019s Role in Breast Cancer: A Glimpse into Promising Frontiers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015332"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"101242","article-title":"Precision Breast Oncology: Molecular Insights and Transformative Clinical Strategies","volume":"47","author":"Chauhan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotsifaki, A., Maroulaki, S., and Armakolas, A. (2024). Exploring the Immunological Profile in Breast Cancer: Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Prognosis through Circulating Tumor Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094832"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlb.2025.100312","article-title":"Liquid Biopsy in Breast Cancer: Redefining Precision Medicine","volume":"9","author":"Schiavone","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Liq. Biopsy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.70545","article-title":"National Policies for Screening and Early Detection of Breast Cancer around the Globe: Practices, Barriers, and Solutions","volume":"171","author":"Pleasant","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obs."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iacob, R., Iacob, E.R., Stoicescu, E.R., Ghenciu, D.M., Cocolea, D.M., Constantinescu, A., Ghenciu, L.A., and Manolescu, D.L. (2024). Evaluating the Role of Breast Ultrasound in Early Detection of Breast Cancer in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Bioengineering, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11030262"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021210325","article-title":"Reducing False-Positive Screening MRI Rate in Women with Extremely Dense Breasts Using Prediction Models Based on Data from the DENSE Trial","volume":"301","author":"Bakker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotsifaki, A., Kalouda, G., Karalexis, E., Stathaki, M., Metaxas, G., and Armakolas, A. (2025). Emerging Breast Cancer Subpopulations: Functional Heterogeneity Beyond the Classical Subtypes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262311599"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2025.102979","article-title":"Advancements in Liquid Biopsy for Breast Cancer: Molecular Biomarkers and Clinical Applications","volume":"139","author":"Qiu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-022-00363-1","article-title":"Breast Cancer Heterogeneity and Its Implication in Personalized Precision Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2026.101478","article-title":"Integrating Immunopeptidomics with Liquid Biopsy for Precision Oncology","volume":"110","author":"Masmoudi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzitelli, C., Santini, D., Corradini, A.G., Zamagni, C., Trer\u00e8, D., Montanaro, L., and Taffurelli, M. (2023). Liquid Biopsy in the Management of Breast Cancer Patients: Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13071241"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Qiu, L., Wang, X., Chen, X., Cao, P., Yang, Z., and Wen, Q. (2023). Liquid Biopsy Biomarkers to Guide Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1303491"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armakolas, A., Kotsari, M., and Koskinas, J. (2023). Liquid Biopsies, Novel Approaches and Future Directions. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15051579"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simancas-Racines, D., Rom\u00e1n-Galeano, N.M., V\u00e1squez, J.P., Jima Gavilanes, D., Vijayan, R., and Reytor-Gonz\u00e1lez, C. (2025). Liquid Biopsy and Multi-Omic Biomarkers in Breast Cancer: Innovations in Early Detection, Therapy Guidance, and Disease Monitoring. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13123073"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlb.2026.100462","article-title":"Harmonizing Definitions in Liquid Biopsy: A Terminology Framework by the International Society of Liquid Biopsy","volume":"12","author":"Gandara","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Liq. Biopsy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlb.2025.100297","article-title":"Enhancing Detection and Monitoring of Circulating Tumor Cells: Integrative Approaches in Liquid Biopsy Advances","volume":"8","author":"Velpula","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Liq. Biopsy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Wang, L., Lin, H., Zhu, Y., Huang, D., Lai, M., Xi, X., Huang, J., Zhang, W., and Zhong, T. (2024). Research Progress of CTC, ctDNA, and EVs in Cancer Liquid Biopsy. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1303335"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-025-03679-0","article-title":"Non-Coding RNAs, a Double-Edged Sword in Breast Cancer Prognosis","volume":"25","author":"Solaimani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marrugo-Ram\u00edrez, J., Mir, M., and Samitier, J. (2018). Blood-Based Cancer Biomarkers in Liquid Biopsy: A Promising Non-Invasive Alternative to Tissue Biopsy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19102877"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobota, J., Zhang, Y., Alshammari, E., and Yang, Z. (2022). Emerging Non-Invasive Molecular Biomarkers for Early Cancer Detection. Genomic and Epigenomic Biomarkers of Toxicology and Disease, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119807704.ch11"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-03003-6","article-title":"Emerging Biomarkers for Early Cancer Detection and Diagnosis: Challenges, Innovations, and Clinical Perspectives","volume":"30","author":"Zafar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-026-01337-w","article-title":"Integrating Liquid Biopsy and Mutational Signatures to Advance Precision Oncology","volume":"10","author":"Carrasco","year":"2026","journal-title":"npj Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"e2500173","article-title":"Early-Stage Breast Cancer in Women Younger Than 50 Years: Comparing American Joint Committee on Cancer Anatomic and Prognostic Stages With Partitioning Around Medoids Clusters in SEER Data","volume":"10","author":"Zulbayar","year":"2026","journal-title":"JCO Clin. Cancer Inf."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"40","article-title":"Liquid Biopsy: A Breakthrough Technology in Early Cancer Screening","volume":"4","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Screen. Prev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110584","article-title":"Biomarker Discovery for Early Breast Cancer Diagnosis Using Machine Learning on Transcriptomic Data for Biosensor Development","volume":"196","author":"Artzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, S., Lin, S., Lin, T., Wang, Q., Cheng, C., Lin, J., Zhang, Y., Jiang, X., and Han, X. (2023). Clinical Diagnostic Biomarker \u201cCirculating Tumor Cells\u201d in Breast Cancer\u2014A Meta-Analysis. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1137519"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01938-6","article-title":"Circulating Tumor Cells: From New Biological Insights to Clinical Practice","volume":"9","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02338-2","article-title":"Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Cancer Metastasis: The Status Quo of Methods and Experimental Models 2025","volume":"24","author":"Allgayer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bdq.2019.100087","article-title":"The Emerging Role of Cell-Free DNA as a Molecular Marker for Cancer Management","volume":"17","author":"Bronkhorst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomol. Detect. Quantif."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"ii6","article-title":"A Hitchhiker\u2019s Guide to Cell-Free DNA Biology","volume":"4","author":"Mouliere","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurooncol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107830","article-title":"Senescence, Necrosis, and Apoptosis Govern Circulating Cell-Free DNA Release Kinetics","volume":"31","author":"Rostami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1080\/15384047.2019.1598759","article-title":"Life and Death of Circulating Cell-Free DNA","volume":"20","author":"Kustanovich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12404","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12404","article-title":"Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (MISEV2023): From Basic to Advanced Approaches","volume":"13","author":"Welsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chemi, F., Mohan, S., Guevara, T., Clipson, A., Rothwell, D.G., and Dive, C. (2021). Early Dissemination of Circulating Tumor Cells: Biological and Clinical Insights. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.672195"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.037","article-title":"EMERGING BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF METASTASIS","volume":"168","author":"Lambert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-15-0012","article-title":"Real-Time Imaging Reveals Local, Transient Vascular Permeability and Tumor Cell Intravasation Stimulated by Tie2Hi Macrophage-Derived VEGFA","volume":"5","author":"Harney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20785","article-title":"Early Dissemination Seeds Metastasis in Breast Cancer","volume":"540","author":"Hosseini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0187-3","article-title":"Liquid Biopsy and Minimal Residual Disease\u2014Latest Advances and Implications for Cure","volume":"16","author":"Pantel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-020-0088-5","article-title":"The Current Paradigm and Challenges Ahead for the Dormancy of Disseminated Tumor Cells","volume":"1","author":"Risson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3793","article-title":"Mechanisms of Disseminated Cancer Cell Dormancy: An Awakening Field","volume":"14","author":"Sosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2256","article-title":"Models, Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence for Cancer Dormancy","volume":"7","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00817-8","article-title":"Circulating Tumor Cells: Biology and Clinical Significance","volume":"6","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidlarova, M., Rehulkova, A., Stejskal, P., Prokopova, A., Slavik, H., Hajduch, M., and Srovnal, J. (2023). Recent Advances in Methods for Circulating Tumor Cell Detection. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043902"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2017.04.002","article-title":"Current Approaches for Avoiding the Limitations of Circulating Tumor Cells Detection Methods\u2014Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Solid Tumors","volume":"185","author":"Kowalik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2023.188863","article-title":"Circulating Tumour Cells: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly","volume":"1878","author":"Bates","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2020.100773","article-title":"Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer: A Historical Overview","volume":"13","author":"Ribatti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4253","article-title":"Tackling the Cancer Stem Cells\u2014What Challenges Do They Pose?","volume":"13","author":"Pattabiraman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3820","article-title":"Challenges in Circulating Tumour Cell Research","volume":"14","author":"Pantel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.09.007","article-title":"Hybrid Epithelial\/Mesenchymal Phenotypes Promote Metastasis and Therapy Resistance across Carcinomas","volume":"194","author":"Jolly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2018.12.001","article-title":"EMT Transition States during Tumor Progression and Metastasis","volume":"29","author":"Pastushenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.11.046","article-title":"Circulating Tumor Cell Clustering Shapes DNA Methylation to Enable Metastasis Seeding","volume":"176","author":"Gkountela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-024-00949-7","article-title":"Circulating Tumor Cells Clusters and Their Role in Breast Cancer Metastasis; a Review of Literature","volume":"15","author":"Sayed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-020-00728-3","article-title":"Tracking Cancer Progression: From Circulating Tumor Cells to Metastasis","volume":"12","author":"Aceto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Gao, P., Song, Y., Sun, J., Chen, X., Zhao, J., Xu, H., and Wang, Z. (2015). Meta-Analysis of the Prognostic Value of Circulating Tumor Cells Detected with the CellSearch System in Colorectal Cancer. BMC Cancer, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-1218-9"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-1603","article-title":"Pooled Analysis of the Prognostic Relevance of Circulating Tumor Cells in Primary Breast Cancer","volume":"22","author":"Janni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R67","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr2907","article-title":"Circulating Tumor Cells as Prognostic and Predictive Markers in Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients Receiving First-Line Systemic Treatment","volume":"13","author":"Giuliano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdr263","article-title":"High Independent Prognostic and Predictive Value of Circulating Tumor Cells Compared with Serum Tumor Markers in a Large Prospective Trial in First-Line Chemotherapy for Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients","volume":"23","author":"Pierga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5701","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-1587","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of the Prognostic Value of Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-022-00403-2","article-title":"Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells: Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"10","author":"Ju","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2018.03.007","article-title":"Circulating Tumor Cell Isolation, Culture, and Downstream Molecular Analysis","volume":"36","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lozar, T., Jesenko, T., Kloboves Prevodnik, V., Cemazar, M., Hosta, V., Jericevic, A., Nolde, N., and Grasic Kuhar, C. (2020). Preclinical and Clinical Evaluation of Magnetic-Activated Cell Separation Technology for CTC Isolation in Breast Cancer. Front. Oncol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.554554"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.121055","article-title":"Analytical Approaches for the Isolation and Characterisation of Circulating Tumour Cells in Clinical Practice","volume":"590","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"101258","article-title":"EpCAM: A Multifunctional Protein at the Crossroads of Cancer Biology, Diagnosis, and Immunotherapy","volume":"48","author":"Ghari","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eslami-S, Z., Cort\u00e9s-Hern\u00e1ndez, L.E., and Alix-Panabi\u00e8res, C. (2020). Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule: An Anchor to Isolate Clinically Relevant Circulating Tumor Cells. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9081836"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2019.07.008","article-title":"Circulating Tumor Cell as the Functional Aspect of Liquid Biopsy to Understand the Metastatic Cascade in Solid Cancer","volume":"72","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.21037\/pcm.2019.11.07","article-title":"Circulating Tumor Cells: Moving Forward into Clinical Applications","volume":"3","year":"2020","journal-title":"Precis. Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05793-2","article-title":"The VAR2CSA Malaria Protein Efficiently Retrieves Circulating Tumor Cells in an EpCAM-Independent Manner","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-020-03007-8","article-title":"Enrichment and Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells by Immunomagnetic Beads and Flow Cytometry","volume":"43","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14055","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b02583","article-title":"Folic Acid Targeting for Efficient Isolation and Detection of Ovarian Cancer CTCs from Human Whole Blood Based on Two-Step Binding Strategy","volume":"10","author":"Nie","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cayrefourcq, L., De Roeck, A., Garcia, C., Stoebner, P.-E., Fichel, F., Garima, F., Perriard, F., Daures, J.-P., Meunier, L., and Alix-Panabi\u00e8res, C. (2019). S100-EPISPOT: A New Tool to Detect Viable Circulating Melanoma Cells. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8070755"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3444-7_9","article-title":"Vita-AssayTM Method of Enrichment and Identification of Circulating Cancer Cells\/Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs)","volume":"Volume 1406","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1021\/acscombsci.7b00146","article-title":"Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells Using Microfluidics","volume":"20","author":"Burinaru","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Comb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1039\/C6AY03342C","article-title":"Microfluidic Iterative Mechanical Characteristics (iMECH) Analyzer for Single-Cell Metastatic Identification","volume":"9","author":"Babahosseini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jou, H.-J., Chou, L.-Y., Chang, W.-C., Ho, H.-C., Zhang, W.-T., Ling, P.-Y., Tsai, K.-H., Chen, S.-H., Chen, T.-H., and Lo, P.-H. (2021). An Automatic Platform Based on Nanostructured Microfluidic Chip for Isolating and Identification of Circulating Tumor Cells. Micromachines, 12.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-226461\/v1"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.12.049","article-title":"Label-Free Impedance Detection of Cancer Cells from Whole Blood on an Integrated Centrifugal Microfluidic Platform","volume":"68","author":"Nwankire","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30174","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c06337","article-title":"A Fully Automated and Integrated Microfluidic System for Efficient CTC Detection and Its Application in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Screening and Prognosis","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-026-00901-7","article-title":"Isolation and Typing Techniques for Circulating Tumor Cells","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.7.1432","article-title":"Response of Circulating Tumor Cells to Systemic Therapy in Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer: Comparison of Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction and Immunocytochemical Techniques","volume":"18","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"JCO"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.23851","article-title":"Advances of In Vivo Flow Cytometry on Cancer Studies","volume":"97","author":"Suo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytom. Part A"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2021.100299","article-title":"Prognostic Relevance of the HER2 Status of Circulating Tumor Cells in Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients Screened for Participation in the DETECT Study Program","volume":"6","author":"Friedl","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2023.117651","article-title":"Flow Cytometry in the Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells in Neoplastic Effusions","volume":"552","author":"Gostomczyk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7144-2_20","article-title":"Fiber-Optic Array Scanning Technology (FAST) for Detection and Molecular Characterization of Circulating Tumor Cells","volume":"Volume 1634","author":"Magbanua","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulating Tumor Cells"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Gao, H., Guan, X., Meng, J., Ding, S., Long, Q., and Yi, W. (2024). Circulating Tumor DNA: From Discovery to Clinical Application in Breast Cancer. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1355887"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, X., Su, J., and Wang, Z. (2025). Revolution of Circulating Tumor DNA: From Bench Innovations to Bedside Implementations. CIMB, 47.","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47060428"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12413","article-title":"The Diverse Origins of Circulating Cell-free DNA in the Human Body: A Critical Re-evaluation of the Literature","volume":"93","author":"Aucamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-016-9629-x","article-title":"Origins, Structures, and Functions of Circulating DNA in Oncology","volume":"35","author":"Thierry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-21-1718","article-title":"Current and Future Clinical Applications of ctDNA in Immuno-Oncology","volume":"82","author":"Stadler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Zheng, Z., and Lei, J. (2023). CTC, ctDNA, and Exosome in Thyroid Cancers: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241813767"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.01.074","article-title":"Exosome-Based Liquid Biopsies in Cancer: Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"32","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2022.166583","article-title":"Blood-Based DNA Methylation Signatures in Cancer: A Systematic Review","volume":"1869","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.7","article-title":"Liquid Biopsies Come of Age: Towards Implementation of Circulating Tumour DNA","volume":"17","author":"Wan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2404058121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2404058121","article-title":"Histone Modifications of Circulating Nucleosomes Are Associated with Changes in Cell-Free DNA Fragmentation Patterns","volume":"121","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2209852119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2209852119","article-title":"Epigenetic Analysis of Cell-Free DNA by Fragmentomic Profiling","volume":"119","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2220982120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2220982120","article-title":"Fragmentation Landscape of Cell-Free DNA Revealed by Deconvolutional Analysis of End Motifs","volume":"120","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-025-00876-y","article-title":"Circulating Tumor DNA to Monitor Treatment Response in Solid Tumors and Advance Precision Oncology","volume":"9","author":"Bartolomucci","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5555","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-025-05343-7","article-title":"Liquid Biopsy in Breast Cancer: Clinical Implications of ctDNA and CTCs in Diagnosis, Treatment and Monitoring","volume":"480","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3276","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-3768","article-title":"Noninvasive Detection of HER2 Amplification with Plasma DNA Digital PCR","volume":"19","author":"Gevensleben","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2022.1026","article-title":"Clinical Circulating Tumor DNA Testing for Precision Oncology","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04116-8","article-title":"Clinical Validation of a Multiplex Droplet Digital PCR for Diagnosing Suspected Bloodstream Infections in ICU Practice: A Promising Diagnostic Tool","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105450","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202105450","article-title":"Deep-dLAMP: Deep Learning-Enabled Polydisperse Emulsion-Based Digital Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2021.100230","article-title":"PIK3CA Mutations in Plasma Circulating Tumor DNA Predict Survival and Treatment Outcomes in Patients with Advanced Cancers","volume":"6","author":"Dumbrava","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-01816-9","article-title":"Next-Generation Sequencing in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment: Clinical Applications and Future Directions","volume":"16","author":"Ghoreyshi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6042","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41774-w","article-title":"Multimodal Analysis of Cell-Free DNA Whole-Methylome Sequencing for Cancer Detection and Localization","volume":"14","author":"Bie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-023-01563-0","article-title":"Evaluation of Commercial Kits for Isolation and Bisulfite Conversion of Circulating Cell-Free Tumor DNA from Blood","volume":"15","author":"Kresse","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-00775-6","article-title":"ChIP-Seq of Plasma Cell-Free Nucleosomes Identifies Gene Expression Programs of the Cells of Origin","volume":"39","author":"Sadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanov, M., Baranova, A., Butler, T., Spellman, P., and Mileyko, V. (2015). Non-Random Fragmentation Patterns in Circulating Cell-Free DNA Reflect Epigenetic Regulation. BMC Genom., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-16-S13-S1"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-021-01635-z","article-title":"At the Dawn: Cell-Free DNA Fragmentomics and Gene Regulation","volume":"126","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat4921","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aat4921","article-title":"Enhanced Detection of Circulating Tumor DNA by Fragment Size Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Mouliere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2022.100242","article-title":"Circulating DNA Fragmentomics and Cancer Screening","volume":"3","author":"Thierry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Genom."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-024-07316-8","article-title":"Circulating Tumour DNA Dynamics during Alternating Chemotherapy and Hormonal Therapy in Metastatic Breast Cancer: The ALERT Study","volume":"206","author":"Allsopp","year":"2024","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2023.08.011","article-title":"Pooled ctDNA Analysis of MONALEESA Phase III Advanced Breast Cancer Trials","volume":"34","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiu, J., Su, F., Joshi, M., Masuda, N., Ishikawa, T., Aruga, T., Zarate, J.P., Babbar, N., Balbin, O.A., and Yap, Y.-S. (2023). Potential Value of ctDNA Monitoring in Metastatic HR+\/HER2 \u2212 Breast Cancer: Longitudinal ctDNA Analysis in the Phase Ib MONALEESASIA Trial. BMC Med., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-03017-z"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-23-2326","article-title":"Comparison of Circulating Tumor DNA Assays for Molecular Residual Disease Detection in Early-Stage Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"30","author":"Coakley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-3231","article-title":"Persistence of ctDNA in Patients with Breast Cancer During Neoadjuvant Treatment Is a Significant Predictor of Poor Tumor Response","volume":"28","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06495-2","article-title":"DNA Methylation in Breast Cancer: Early Detection and Biomarker Discovery through Current and Emerging Approaches","volume":"23","author":"Hum","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lockwood, C.M., Messersmith, H.J., Kim, A.S., Rajagopal, P.S., Swami, U., Xian, R., Aisner, D., Arcila, M.E., Kurttila, F., and Lovly, C.M. (2026). Circulating Tumor DNA Testing in Solid Tumors and Lymphoma: ASCO Guideline. JCO Oncol. Pract., OP-26-00311.","DOI":"10.1200\/OP-26-00311"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rouvinov, K., Naamneh, R., Yakobson, A., Najjar, W., Abu Amna, M., Soklakova, A., Abu Zeid, E.E.D., Brenner, R., Asla, M., and Ghalion, F.A. (2026). The Transformative Potential of Liquid Biopsies and Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA) in Modern Oncology. Diagnostics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16040523"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djaf218","article-title":"The National Health Service-Galleri Multicancer Screening Trial: Explanation and Justification of Unique and Important Design Issues","volume":"118","author":"Sasieni","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70653","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70653","article-title":"Early Cancer Detection: What\u2019s Going on and What\u2019s Next","volume":"7","year":"2026","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02243-9","article-title":"Modelled Mortality Benefits of Multi-Cancer Early Detection Screening in England","volume":"129","author":"Sasieni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, H., Li, Z., Xie, K., Kassim, S.H., Cao, C., Huang, K., Lu, Z., Ma, C., Li, Y., and Jiang, K. (2026). Liquid Biopsy in Early Screening of Cancers: Emerging Technologies and New Prospects. Biomedicines, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines14010158"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2200148","DOI":"10.1200\/PO.22.00148","article-title":"Circulating Tumor DNA After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Is Associated With Disease Relapse","volume":"6","author":"Cailleux","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCO Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.125","article-title":"Shedding Light on the Cell Biology of Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"19","author":"Raposo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-101512-122326","article-title":"Biogenesis, Secretion, and Intercellular Interactions of Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"30","author":"Colombo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27066","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.27066","article-title":"Biological Properties of Extracellular Vesicles and Their Physiological Functions","volume":"4","author":"Siljander","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010428317691182","DOI":"10.1177\/1010428317691182","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles: An Overview of Biogenesis, Function, and Role in Breast Cancer","volume":"39","author":"Zha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tumour Biol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535750","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1535750","article-title":"Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): A Position Statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and Update of the MISEV2014 Guidelines","volume":"7","author":"Witwer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau6977","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977","article-title":"The Biology, Function, and Biomedical Applications of Exosomes","volume":"367","author":"Kalluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/nri855","article-title":"Exosomes: Composition, Biogenesis and Function","volume":"2","author":"Zitvogel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1596","article-title":"Exosome-Mediated Transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs Is a Novel Mechanism of Genetic Exchange between Cells","volume":"9","author":"Valadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tellez-Gabriel, M., Knutsen, E., and Perander, M. (2020). Current Status of Circulating Tumor Cells, Circulating Tumor DNA, and Exosomes in Breast Cancer Liquid Biopsies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249457"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.51","article-title":"Circulating Extracellular Vesicles Provide Valuable Protein, but Not DNA, Biomarkers in Metastatic Breast Cancer","volume":"1","author":"Tkach","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vesic.2024.100039","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy","volume":"3","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Extracell. Vesicle"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, D., Cui, B., Lv, H., Lu, S., Zhu, Y., Cheng, Y., Dang, L., and Zhang, H. (2024). Blood-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as a Promising Liquid Biopsy Diagnostic Tool for Early Cancer Detection. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14070847"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2015.10.005","article-title":"Identification of EDIL3 on Extracellular Vesicles Involved in Breast Cancer Cell Invasion","volume":"131","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3175","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1618088114","article-title":"Phosphoproteins in Extracellular Vesicles as Candidate Markers for Breast Cancer","volume":"114","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22913-7","article-title":"Protein Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles to Monitor and Predict Therapeutic Response in Metastatic Breast Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0570-8","article-title":"Proteomic Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles Allows for Human Breast Cancer Subtyping","volume":"2","author":"Rontogianni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14450","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14450","article-title":"A Class of Extracellular Vesicles from Breast Cancer Cells Activates VEGF Receptors and Tumour Angiogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-025-02029-2","article-title":"miRNA Panel from HER2+ and CD24+ Plasma Extracellular Vesicle Subpopulations as Biomarkers of Early-Stage Breast Cancer","volume":"27","author":"Spychalski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-020-00767-3","article-title":"Genomic Instability-Derived Plasma Extracellular Vesicle-microRNA Signature as a Minimally Invasive Predictor of Risk and Unfavorable Prognosis in Breast Cancer","volume":"19","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-023-02980-0","article-title":"Tumor-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Promote Breast Cancer Progression by Upregulating PD-L1 Expression in Macrophages","volume":"23","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12419","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12419","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles as a Promising Source of Lipid Biomarkers for Breast Cancer Detection in Blood Plasma","volume":"13","author":"Dorado","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Y., Chen, K., Wang, Z., Wang, Y., Liu, J., Lin, L., Shao, Y., Gao, L., Yin, H., and Cui, C. (2016). DNA in Serum Extracellular Vesicles Is Stable under Different Storage Conditions. BMC Cancer, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-016-2783-2"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70123","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.70123","article-title":"Circulating Tumour DNA and Extracellular Vesicle-Associated DNA as Biomarkers for Cancer Detection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Rodr\u00edguez, A., Fuentes-Antr\u00e1s, J., Lorca, V., L\u00f3pez de S\u00e1, A., P\u00e9rez-Segura, P., Moreno, F., Garc\u00eda-S\u00e1enz, J.A., and Garc\u00eda-Barber\u00e1n, V. (2024). Molecular Profiling of Endocrine Resistance in HR+\/HER2-Metastatic Breast Cancer: Insights from Extracellular Vesicles-Derived DNA and ctDNA in Liquid Biopsies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252313045"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St-Denis-Bissonnette, F., Khoury, R., Mediratta, K., El-Sahli, S., Wang, L., and Lavoie, J.R. (2022). Applications of Extracellular Vesicles in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14020451"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3871","article-title":"High-Dose TGF-\u03921 Impairs Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Mediated Bone Regeneration via Bmp2 Inhibition","volume":"35","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30595","article-title":"The Multifaceted Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Metastasis: Priming the Soil for Seeding","volume":"140","author":"Fontes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, K., Paul, S., Ghosh, A., Gupta, S., Mukherjee, T., Shankar, P., Sharma, A., Keshava, S., Chauhan, S.C., and Kashyap, V.K. (2023). Extracellular Vesicles in Triple\u2013Negative Breast Cancer: Immune Regulation, Biomarkers, and Immunotherapeutic Potential. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15194879"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-018-4925-5","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles from Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells Promote Proliferation and Drug Resistance in Non-Tumorigenic Breast Cells","volume":"172","author":"Ozawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34447","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Stem Cells Trigger Premetastatic Niche Remodeling and Metastatic Growth in the Lungs","volume":"152","author":"Gener","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5109","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI75695","article-title":"miR-200\u2013Containing Extracellular Vesicles Promote Breast Cancer Cell Metastasis","volume":"124","author":"Le","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-025-03471-y","article-title":"Small Extracellular Vesicles: Messengers at the Service of Breast Cancer Agenda in the Primary and Distant Microenvironments","volume":"44","author":"Galardi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0256-3","article-title":"Chemotherapy Elicits Pro-Metastatic Extracellular Vesicles in Breast Cancer Models","volume":"21","author":"Keklikoglou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Cheng, H., and Liu, X. (2026). Small Extracellular Vesicles as System-Level Regulators and Predictive Biomarkers in Breast Cancer Progression and Chemoresistance. Front. Pharmacol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1804877"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham, R., Gazinska, P., Zhang, B., Khiabany, A., Sinha, S., Alaguthurai, T., Flores-Borja, F., Vicencio, J., Beuron, F., and Roxanis, I. (2023). Serum-Derived Extracellular Vesicles from Breast Cancer Patients Contribute to Differential Regulation of T-Cell-Mediated Immune-Escape Mechanisms in Breast Cancer Subtypes. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1204224"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-022-00945-w","article-title":"Small Extracellular Vesicles: From Promoting Pre-Metastatic Niche Formation to Therapeutic Strategies in Breast Cancer","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Baili, M.C., Palma-Cobo, M., Prucca, C.G., Y\u00e1\u00f1ez-M\u00f3, M., and Gil, G.A. (2025). Intercellular Communication between Extracellular Vesicles from Conditioned Macrophages and Breast Cancer Cells Drives Endocrine Therapy Resistance. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1548724"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2107394119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2107394119","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles from Triple Negative Breast Cancer Promote Pro-Inflammatory Macrophages Associated with Better Clinical Outcome","volume":"119","author":"Tkach","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Yu, S., Rao, M., and Cheng, B. (2025). Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Key Drivers of Immunomodulation in Breast Cancer. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1548535"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santoro, J., Carrese, B., Peluso, M.S., Coppola, L., D\u2019Aiuto, M., Mossetti, G., Salvatore, M., and Smaldone, G. (2023). Influence of Breast Cancer Extracellular Vesicles on Immune Cell Activation: A Pilot Study. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12121531"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01741-x","article-title":"Recent Advances of Small Extracellular Vesicle Biomarkers in Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301010","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202301010","article-title":"Clinical Translation of Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"12","author":"Ghodasara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvad176","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles as Liquid Biopsy Biomarkers across the Cancer Journey: From Early Detection to Recurrence","volume":"70","author":"Rayamajhi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R90","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr2766","article-title":"Circulating microRNAs as Blood-Based Markers for Patients with Primary and Metastatic Breast Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Roth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr3446","article-title":"Circulating Nucleic Acids as Biomarkers in Breast Cancer","volume":"15","author":"Schwarzenbach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14740\/wjon1955","article-title":"MicroRNA-155 as Biomarker and Its Diagnostic Value in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review","volume":"16","author":"Yeo","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., Wang, J., Zhang, H., Fu, B., Zhang, Y., Jia, Q., and Wang, Y. (2024). Diagnostic Value of Circulating miR-155 for Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1374674"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2023.2195552","article-title":"Diagnostic and Predictive Value of Liquid Biopsy-Derived Exosome miR-21 for Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3045","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.440","article-title":"Circulating microRNAs in Breast Cancer: Novel Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers","volume":"8","author":"Hamam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06847-3","article-title":"Circulating Non-Coding RNAs as a Diagnostic and Management Biomarker for Breast Cancer: Current Insights","volume":"49","author":"Hosseinalizadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Guan, X., Fan, Z., Ching, L.-M., Li, Y., Wang, X., Cao, W.-M., and Liu, D.-X. (2020). Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Early Detection of Breast Cancer. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12102767"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, J., Qian, D., Jiang, Y., Meng, L., and Huang, L. (2023). Circulating Tumor Biomarkers in Early-Stage Breast Cancer: Characteristics, Detection, and Clinical Developments. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1288077"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12014-022-09362-0","article-title":"Circulating Proteins as Predictive and Prognostic Biomarkers in Breast Cancer","volume":"19","author":"Bidet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chantada-V\u00e1zquez, M.d.P., Conde-Amboage, M., Gra\u00f1a-L\u00f3pez, L., V\u00e1zquez-Est\u00e9vez, S., Bravo, S.B., and N\u00fa\u00f1ez, C. (2022). Circulating Proteins Associated with Response and Resistance to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14041087"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2019.07.003","article-title":"A Predictor of Early Disease Recurrence in Patients With Breast Cancer Using a Cell-Free RNA and Protein Liquid Biopsy","volume":"20","author":"Lasham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvab153","article-title":"Circulating Cellular Communication Network Factor 1 Protein as a Sensitive Liquid Biopsy Marker for Early Detection of Breast Cancer","volume":"68","author":"Bartkowiak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02541-2","article-title":"The Impact of Circulating Protein Levels Identified by Affinity Proteomics on Short-Term, Overall Breast Cancer Risk","volume":"130","author":"Grassmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S418574","article-title":"The Progress of Platelets in Breast Cancer","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A424","DOI":"10.1136\/esmoopen-2018-EACR25.999","article-title":"PO-498 Spliced RNA Panels from Tumor-Educated Platelets (TEP) Enable Detection of Early Breast Cancer","volume":"3","author":"Lips","year":"2018","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii13","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz095.036","article-title":"RNA Signatures from Tumor-Educated Platelets (TEP) Enable Detection of Early-Stage Breast Cancer","volume":"30","author":"Liefaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3174","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019003976","article-title":"Lessons to Learn from Tumor-Educated Platelets","volume":"137","author":"Roweth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02174-5","article-title":"Tumour-Educated Platelets for Breast Cancer Detection: Biological and Technical Insights","volume":"128","author":"Liefaard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-0331","article-title":"Autoantibodies in Early Detection of Breast Cancer","volume":"29","author":"Rauf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2017.12.025","article-title":"The Future of Blood-Based Biomarkers for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer","volume":"92","author":"Loke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.1c00019","article-title":"Early Breast Cancer Detection Using Untargeted and Targeted Metabolomics","volume":"20","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04660-z","article-title":"Liquid-Based Biomarkers in Breast Cancer: Looking beyond the Blood","volume":"21","author":"Shuai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.76.8671","article-title":"Circulating Tumor DNA Analysis in Patients With Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology and College of American Pathologists Joint Review","volume":"36","author":"Merker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224ra24","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007094","article-title":"Detection of Circulating Tumor DNA in Early- and Late-Stage Human Malignancies","volume":"6","author":"Bettegowda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-018-0071-5","article-title":"Current and Future Perspectives of Liquid Biopsies in Genomics-Driven Oncology","volume":"20","author":"Heitzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.05.806","article-title":"Clinical Validation of a Targeted Methylation-Based Multi-Cancer Early Detection Test Using an Independent Validation Set","volume":"32","author":"Klein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaan2415","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan2415","article-title":"Direct Detection of Early-Stage Cancers Using Circulating Tumor DNA","volume":"9","author":"Phallen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1272-6","article-title":"Genome-Wide Cell-Free DNA Fragmentation in Patients with Cancer","volume":"570","author":"Cristiano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4255","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-3663","article-title":"Personalized Detection of Circulating Tumor DNA Antedates Breast Cancer Metastatic Recurrence","volume":"25","author":"Coombes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_197","first-page":"302ra133","article-title":"Mutation Tracking in Circulating Tumor DNA Predicts Relapse in Early Breast Cancer","volume":"7","author":"Schiavon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar3247","article-title":"Detection and Localization of Surgically Resectable Cancers with a Multi-Analyte Blood Test","volume":"359","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.2295","article-title":"Association of Circulating Tumor DNA and Circulating Tumor Cells After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With Disease Recurrence in Patients With Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"6","author":"Radovich","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heidrich, I., Abdalla, T.S.A., Reeh, M., and Pantel, K. (2021). Clinical Applications of Circulating Tumor Cells and Circulating Tumor DNA as a Liquid Biopsy Marker in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13184500"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4166","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-23-0956","article-title":"Baseline Mutations and ctDNA Dynamics as Prognostic and Predictive Factors in ER-Positive\/HER2-Negative Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients","volume":"29","author":"Pascual","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brogna, M.R., Ferrara, G., Varone, V., Montone, A., Fava, A., Schiano, M.R., Del Sesto, M., Pizza, N., Prota, A., and Barra, C. (2026). Liquid Biopsy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Promising Tool for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment Monitoring. Front. Oncol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1642521"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.11.007","article-title":"Circulating Tumor DNA in Neoadjuvant-Treated Breast Cancer Reflects Response and Survival","volume":"32","author":"Magbanua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coppola, C.A., De Summa, S., Matera, G., Pilato, B., Traversa, D., and Tommasi, S. (2025). Liquid Biopsy: The Challenges of a Revolutionary Approach in Oncology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115013"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-0716","article-title":"Early Detection of Molecular Residual Disease in Localized Lung Cancer by Circulating Tumor DNA Profiling","volume":"7","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buli\u0107, L., Brlek, P., Hrvatin, N., Brenner, E., \u0160karo, V., Proji\u0107, P., Rogan, S.A., Bebek, M., Shah, P., and Primorac, D. (2026). AI-Driven Advances in Precision Oncology: Toward Optimizing Cancer Diagnostics and Personalized Treatment. AI, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ai7010011"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ultimescu, F., Hudita, A., Popa, D.E., Olinca, M., Muresean, H.A., Ceausu, M., Stanciu, D.I., Ginghina, O., and Galateanu, B. (2024). Impact of Molecular Profiling on Therapy Management in Breast Cancer. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13174995"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlb.2025.100299","article-title":"The Impact of Liquid Biopsy in Breast Cancer: Redefining the Landscape of Non-Invasive Precision Oncology","volume":"8","author":"Malik","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Liq. Biopsy"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bro\u017eov\u00e1, K., Hantusch, B., Kenner, L., and Kratochwill, K. (2023). Spatial Proteomics for the Molecular Characterization of Breast Cancer. Proteomes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/proteomes11020017"},{"key":"ref_210","first-page":"418","article-title":"Review of ctDNA in Breast Cancer\u2014Present Utility and Future Perspectives","volume":"31","author":"Suryavanshi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Rep. Pract. Oncol. Radiother."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, X., Pu, H., Liu, Q., Guo, Z., and Luo, D. (2022). Circulating Tumor DNA\u2014A Novel Biomarker of Tumor Progression and Its Favorable Detection Techniques. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14246025"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Lian, J., Chen, Y., Zhao, X., Du, C., Xu, Y., Hu, H., Rao, H., and Hong, X. (2021). Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs): A Unique Model of Cancer Metastases and Non-Invasive Biomarkers of Therapeutic Response. Front. Genet., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.734595"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-052016-100256","article-title":"Circulating Tumor Cells: Fluid Surrogates of Solid Tumors","volume":"12","author":"Thiele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menyailo, M.E., Tretyakova, M.S., and Denisov, E.V. (2020). Heterogeneity of Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer: Identifying Metastatic Seeds. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051696"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinsp.2025.100635","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles as Cancer Biomarkers and Drug Delivery Strategies in Clinical Settings: Advances, Perspectives, and Challenges","volume":"80","author":"Santos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, N., Song, J., and Han, Y. (2024). Research Progress of Phospholipid Vesicles in Biological Field. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14121628"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Rayes, S., Ababneh, E., Nannuri, V., Vaidya, M., Sugaya, K., and Zhao, J. (2026). The Multifaceted Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27135976"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crook, T., Leonard, R., Mokbel, K., Thompson, A., Michell, M., Page, R., Vaid, A., Mehrotra, R., Ranade, A., and Limaye, S. (2022). Accurate Screening for Early-Stage Breast Cancer by Detection and Profiling of Circulating Tumor Cells. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14143341"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orsini, A., Diquigiovanni, C., and Bonora, E. (2023). Omics Technologies Improving Breast Cancer Research and Diagnostics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612690"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02021-w","article-title":"Liquid Biopsy in Cancer: Current Status, Challenges and Future Prospects","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002314","DOI":"10.37349\/etat.2025.1002314","article-title":"The Development and Applications of Circulating Tumour Cells, Circulating Tumour DNA and Other Emerging Biomarkers for Early Cancer Detection","volume":"6","author":"Chai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Explor. Target. Antitumor Ther."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3685","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.70132","article-title":"Characterizing Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition-linked Heterogeneity in Breast Cancer Circulating Tumor Cells at a Single-cell Level","volume":"19","author":"Topa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e766","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.766","article-title":"Circulating Tumor DNA Methylation Detection as Biomarker and Its Application in Tumor Liquid Biopsy: Advances and Challenges","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Mahrouqi, N., Al-Sayegh, H., Al-Zadjali, S., and Khan, A.A. (2026). Extracellular Vesicle Associated Proteomic Biomarkers in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cells, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15030231"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03768-2","article-title":"Advances of Extracellular Vesicles Isolation and Detection Frontier Technology: From Heterogeneity Analysis to Clinical Application","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossam Abdelmonem, B., Kamal, L.T., Wardy, L.W., Ragheb, M., Hanna, M.M., Elsharkawy, M., and Abdelnaser, A. (2025). Non-Coding RNAs: Emerging Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Cancer and Inflammatory Diseases. Front. Oncol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1534862"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ircmb.2024.08.007","article-title":"Circulating Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Response to Therapies in Cancer Patients","volume":"391","author":"Stefanes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01725-9","article-title":"New Insights into the Correlations between Circulating Tumor Cells and Target Organ Metastasis","volume":"8","author":"Zhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/14\/2344\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:21:39Z","timestamp":1784553699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/14\/2344"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"references-count":228,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers18142344"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers18142344","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]}}}