{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T06:59:09Z","timestamp":1785135549459,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Blood-accessible biomarkers may support future personalization of prostate cancer radiotherapy, but their interpretation depends on sampling timing relative to radiotherapy, androgen deprivation therapy, and post-treatment recovery. We mapped clinical evidence for selected biomarker domains beyond prostate-specific antigen: \u03b3-H2AX\/DNA damage response, IL-6\/inflammatory mediators, testosterone\/endocrine recovery and a prespecified galectin-1\/3 immune\u2013stromal domain evaluated as a potential evidence gap. Methods: We conducted a PRISMA-ScR scoping review of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science searched on 7 January 2026. Eligible original human studies evaluated soluble serum\/plasma analytes or peripheral blood cell-based assays in prostate RT pathways. Data were charted by biomarker domain, treatment context, RT modality\/fractionation, assay reporting, sampling schedule, and endpoint linkage. Results: Of 3499 records, 45 studies were included. No eligible study reported repeated circulating galectin-1\/3 kinetics anchored to prostate radiotherapy, identifying a distinct clinical evidence gap. The remaining evidence was dominated by testosterone studies (n = 28), followed by IL-6\/inflammatory mediators (n = 12) and \u03b3-H2AX\/DDR (n = 5). Testosterone studies were mapped as separate RT-only endocrine kinetics and ADT-anchored recovery streams. IL-6 studies mainly used during-RT or early post-RT sampling and linked trajectories to acute toxicity, fatigue, symptoms or inflammatory phenotypes; no included study directly validated serial IL-6\/inflammatory trajectories against biochemical control, metastasis-free survival, or overall survival. \u03b3-H2AX studies were characterized by ultra-acute, fraction-anchored sampling. Across domains, baseline definition and sampling timing limited interpretability more than assay platform alone. Conclusions: Evidence maturity was unequal across the selected domains. Testosterone provided the comparatively more developed longitudinal clinical literature, whereas IL-6\/inflammatory mediators remained exploratory and were linked mainly to acute toxicity, fatigue, symptoms, and inflammatory phenotypes. \u03b3-H2AX remained predominantly a translational and biodosimetry-oriented marker, while galectin-1\/3 represented a hypothesis-generating clinical evidence gap. None of these biomarkers currently supports routine biomarker-guided prostate RT personalization. Future biomarker-embedded studies may benefit from domain-specific sampling considerations, explicit RT\/systemic-therapy context stratification, standardized assay reporting, and clinically relevant endpoints.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18152398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:49:27Z","timestamp":1785131367000},"page":"2398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Selected Blood-Accessible Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy: A PRISMA-ScR Timing-Window Framework Beyond PSA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9552-8649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milo\u0161","family":"Gruji\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Radiation Oncology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8151-3673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara Alicja","family":"Jereczek-Fossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1169-2378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Jovanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of East Sarajevo, 73300 Foca, Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"name":"Institute of Public Health, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2146-3381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"\u017divkovi\u0107 Radojevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Radiation Oncology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5339-8038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Marvaso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Krasi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Radiation Oncology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7891-7962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarina","family":"Jankovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Radiation Oncology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Peuli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Center for Medical Oncology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6580-6767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Mastroleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3568-269X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Kuncman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Lodz, 93-513 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of External Beam Radiotherapy, Copernicus Memorial Hospital in Lodz Comprehensive Cancer Center and Traumatology, 93-513 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3761-8671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladan","family":"Mutavd\u017ei\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Center for Medical Oncology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milica","family":"Mihajlovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, 18108 Ni\u0161, Serbia"},{"name":"Clinic for Oncology, University Clinical Center Ni\u0161, 18108 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Milosavljevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Radiation Oncology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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