{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:09:52Z","timestamp":1785413392383,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["ECS00000017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECS00000017"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["CUP B83C22003920001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B83C22003920001"]}]},{"award":["ECS00000017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECS00000017"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CUP B83C22003920001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B83C22003920001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: B-cell receptor (BCR) signalling is implicated in Burkitt lymphoma (BL) lymphomagenesis, although its activation may differ across biological and epidemiological settings. While surface IgM is the predominant immunoglobulin isotype of BCR in BL, cases expressing IgA transcripts or lacking detectable surface immunoglobulin (sIg) expression have been reported, suggesting a more complex pattern of sIg expression than previously recognized. This study aimed to evaluate sIg heavy-chain expression by immunohistochemistry in a relatively large series of BL cases from endemic and sporadic settings and to investigate the mutational landscape of surface immunoglobulin-undetectable (sIg-UND) cases. Methods: sIg heavy-chain expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 55 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded BL samples. Targeted next-generation sequencing was performed on four sIg-UND cases using an Illumina capture-based custom panel covering 74 lymphoma-related genes. KRAS and NRAS hotspot mutations were additionally assessed by real-time PCR. Results: Overall, 41\/55 cases showed IgM expression, including 31 IgM-positive and 10 IgM+\/UND cases, whereas 8\/55 cases showed IgA expression (IgA+\/UND). IgA-expressing cases were significantly enriched at mucosal sites, particularly the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract, consistent with the relevance of these anatomical sites to mucosal IgA production. Six cases lacked detectable sIg expression, showing negativity for all tested immunoglobulin heavy chains in more than 90% of neoplastic cells. Four sIg-UND cases were available for sequencing. These cases harbored mutations affecting genes commonly altered in BL, together with alterations in genes less commonly represented in recurrent BL series, such as MEF2B, CREBBP, PRDM1, PIM1, ARID3A, HIST1H1B, and HIST1H1C. Conclusions: Our study provides a systematic immunohistochemical characterization of surface immunoglobulin heavy-chain expression in a relatively large series of endemic and sporadic BL. We identified a subset of IgA-expressing BL cases enriched at mucosal sites, whereas rarer cases lacked detectable surface immunoglobulin expression. The mutational profile of sIg-UND cases highlights alterations affecting genes involved in epigenetic regulation, chromatin organization, and B-cell differentiation, which may contribute to the biological heterogeneity of these cases. No KRAS or NRAS hotspot mutations were detected in the four sequenced sIg-UND cases, as assessed by targeted NGS and real-time PCR. Further functional studies are needed to clarify the biological and clinical significance of sIg-UND BL cases and to determine the functional relevance of the identified alterations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18152453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:38:54Z","timestamp":1785411534000},"page":"2453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of Surface Immunoglobulin Expression in Burkitt Lymphoma Reveals a Subset of IgA-Expressing Cases Enriched at Mucosal Sites and Surface Immunoglobulin-Undetectable Cases: Insights into the Mutational Landscape"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5057-5281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Chiara","family":"Siciliano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2507-182X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cosimo","family":"Lori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0823-8131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margherita","family":"Vannucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Amato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7328-9675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Bertolazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Guazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8804-6369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Onyango","family":"Noel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00202, Kenya"},{"name":"KAVI-Institute for Clinical Research (KAVI-ICR), University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00202, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9237-5204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Onyuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00202, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Granai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Boccacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1198-2798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiraka","family":"Grace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00202, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oyiro","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00202, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5286-989X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Onsongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Aga Khan Hospital Kisumu, Kisumu 40100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magoma","family":"Georgina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00202, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakeah Patience","family":"Wedaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00202, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwawu","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00202, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hagembe","family":"Mildred","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00202, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3331-0027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nyagol","family":"Joshua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00202, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6119-9007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana","family":"Bellan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reiner","family":"Siebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany"},{"name":"Center of Rare Diseases (ZSE) Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), Partner Site Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Leoncini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2218-3771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Lazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08638","article-title":"Chronic active B-cell-receptor signalling in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"463","author":"Davis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-05-284984","article-title":"The lymph node microenvironment promotes B-cell receptor signaling, NF-kappaB activation, and tumor proliferation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"117","author":"Herishanu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Refaeli, Y., Young, R.M., Turner, B.C., Duda, J., Field, K.A., and Bishop, J.M. (2008). The B Cell Antigen Receptor and Overexpression of MYC Can Cooperate in the Genesis of B Cell Lymphomas. PLoS Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060152"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3937","article-title":"Targeting pathological B cell receptor signalling in lymphoid malignancies","volume":"12","author":"Young","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2013.09.001","article-title":"B-cell receptor signaling as a driver of lymphoma development and evolution","volume":"Volume 23","author":"Niemann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Seminars in Cancer Biology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11378","article-title":"Burkitt lymphoma pathogenesis and therapeutic targets from structural and functional genomics","volume":"490","author":"Schmitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00404-3","article-title":"Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"8","author":"Leoncini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a014282","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a014282","article-title":"Oncogenic Mechanisms in Burkitt Lymphoma","volume":"4","author":"Schmitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-09-871418","article-title":"Genome-wide discovery of somatic coding and noncoding mutations in pediatric endemic and sporadic Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"133","author":"Grande","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022016534","article-title":"Genetic subgroups inform on pathobiology in adult and pediatric Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"141","author":"Thomas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abate, F., Ambrosio, M.R., Mundo, L., Laginestra, M.A., Fuligni, F., Rossi, M., Zairis, S., Gazaneo, S., De Falco, G., and Lazzi, S. (2015). Distinct Viral and Mutational Spectrum of Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005158"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqv011","article-title":"Clonality Analysis of Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement by Next-Generation Sequencing in Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma Suggests Antigen Drive Activation of BCR as Opposed to Sporadic Burkitt Lymphoma","volume":"145","author":"Amato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17922","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus positivity as a defining pathogenetic feature of Burkitt lymphoma subtypes","volume":"196","author":"Leoncini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.09.006","article-title":"Malaria\u2014How this parasitic infection aids and abets EBV-associated Burkitt lymphomagenesis","volume":"20","author":"Moormann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torgbor, C., Awuah, P., Deitsch, K., Kalantari, P., Duca, K.A., and Thorley-Lawson, D.A. (2014). A Multifactorial Role for P. falciparum Malaria in Endemic Burkitt\u2019s Lymphoma Pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004170"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotepui, K.U., and Kotepui, M. (2021). Malaria Infection and Risk for Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115886"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thorley-Lawson, D., Deitsch, K.W., Duca, K.A., and Torgbor, C. (2016). The Link between Plasmodium falciparum Malaria and Endemic Burkitt\u2019s Lymphoma\u2014New Insight into a 50-Year-Old Enigma. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005331"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3562","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V88.9.3562.bloodjournal8893562","article-title":"VH and VL gene analysis in sporadic Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma shows somatic hypermutation, intraclonal heterogeneity, and a role for antigen selection","volume":"88","author":"Chapman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2404753","article-title":"Identification of two distinct MYC breakpoint clusters and their association with various IGH breakpoint regions in the t(8;14) translocations in sporadic Burkitt-lymphoma","volume":"21","author":"Busch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08578-3","article-title":"Genomic and transcriptomic changes complement each other in the pathogenesis of sporadic Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"10","author":"Kleinheinz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910250605","article-title":"Surface immunoglobulins on Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma biopsy cells from 91 patients","volume":"25","author":"Klein","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22353","article-title":"The B-cell receptor controls fitness of MYC-driven lymphoma cells via GSK3\u03b2 inhibition","volume":"546","author":"Varano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1158\/2643-3230.BCD-25-0099","article-title":"B-cell Receptor Silencing Reveals the Origin and Dependencies of High-Grade B-cell Lymphomas with MYC and BCL2 Rearrangements","volume":"6","author":"Varano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055351","article-title":"A Biologic Definition of Burkitt\u2019s Lymphoma from Transcriptional and Genomic Profiling","volume":"354","author":"Hummel","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2022009461","article-title":"Audit of B-cell cancer genes","volume":"9","author":"Coyle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.27513","article-title":"High-grade B-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified, with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma gene expression signatures: Genomic analysis and potential therapeutics","volume":"100","author":"Lone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5409","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2025016651","article-title":"High-grade B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: An LLMPP study","volume":"9","author":"Collinge","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12738","article-title":"The B-cell receptor in control of tumor B-cell fitness: Biology and clinical relevance","volume":"288","author":"Casola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-01-0168","article-title":"Immunoglobulin gene analysis reveals 2 distinct cells of origin for EBV-positive and EBV-negative Burkitt lymphomas","volume":"106","author":"Bellan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V114.22.317.317","article-title":"Evidence for Antigen-Driven Development of Molecularly Classified Burkitt Lymphomas","volume":"114","author":"Trautmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12698","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12698","article-title":"Limited clonal relatedness between gut IgA plasma cells and memory B cells after oral immunization","volume":"7","author":"Bemark","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.62","article-title":"The regulation of gut mucosal IgA B-cell responses: Recent developments","volume":"10","author":"Lycke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1089","article-title":"Endemic Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma: A polymicrobial disease?","volume":"3","author":"Rochford","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2468","article-title":"The genetic landscape of mutations in Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"44","author":"Love","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-16-0975","article-title":"CREBBP Inactivation Promotes the Development of HDAC3-Dependent Lymphomas","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00437-8","article-title":"CREBBP\/EP300 mutations promoted tumor progression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma through altering tumor-associated macrophage polarization via FBXW7-NOTCH-CCL2\/CSF1 axis","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2010.10.030","article-title":"BLIMP1 Is a Tumor Suppressor Gene Frequently Disrupted in Activated B Cell-like Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma","volume":"18","author":"Mandelbaum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-16-1417","article-title":"The CREBBP Acetyltransferase Is a Haploinsufficient Tumor Suppressor in B-cell Lymphoma","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2688","article-title":"MEF2B mutations lead to deregulated expression of the oncogene BCL6 in diffuse large B cell lymphoma","volume":"14","author":"Ying","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-014-0095-z","article-title":"Pim kinases in hematological malignancies: Where are we now and where are we going?","volume":"7","author":"Mondello","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-3017-y","article-title":"Histone H1 loss drives lymphoma by disrupting 3D chromatin architecture","volume":"589","author":"Yusufova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.20345","article-title":"IGH switch breakpoints in Burkitt lymphoma: Exclusive involvement of noncanonical class switch recombination","volume":"45","author":"Guikema","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genes Chromosom. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200144","article-title":"Mechanism of CD79A and CD79B Support for IgM+ B Cell Fitness through B Cell Receptor Surface Expression","volume":"209","author":"Huse","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zan, H., and Casali, P. (2015). Epigenetics of Peripheral B-Cell Differentiation and the Antibody Response. Front. Immunol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00631"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/15\/2453\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:43:38Z","timestamp":1785411818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/15\/2453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers18152453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers18152453","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]}}}