{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T06:48:13Z","timestamp":1785739693396,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Deciding between active surveillance and treatment for prostate cancer patients often requires accurate risk assessment of prostate tumors detected with multi-parametric MRI. Conventionally, radiologists visually inspect MRI and use scoring procedures such as PI-RADS to help assess the scans. More recently, artificial intelligence (AI) applied to MRI has allowed for supplementation and is complementary to clinical assessment. However, AI is computationally expensive and severely saps scarce energy and water resources and requires special processing components, requiring alternate approaches that require less computation and fewer resources. The novel, simpler spectral\/statistics approach that mimics color vision was previously successfully applied in a number of retrospective pilot studies of bi-parametric MRI of prostate cancer. The novel approach needs far fewer resources, is less computationally intensive, and is simpler than artificial intelligence to evaluate prostate tumors. However, these earlier spectral\/statistics pilot studies required intervention by an analyst and too much time for implementation in future large patient studies that are needed to validate the novel approach. This retrospective pilot study further developed, applied, and tested new automation tools to expedite simpler spectral statistical techniques that need fewer resources to evaluate prostate tumors on multi-parametric MRI. Methods: Automated spatial registration, automated prostate organ segmentation, automated blob generation and selection for spectral signatures derived from the apparent diffusion coefficient, high-B-value DWI, and T2 MRI were performed on 76 consecutive patients in the PI-CAI cohort in this retrospective pilot study. The signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) was computed using target signatures and the processed statistical metrics of the registered prostate bi-parametric MRI. The processed SCR, spectral\/spatial features of blobs and clinical metrics predict clinically significant prostate cancer using multivariate logistic regression. The proposed method was assessed using the area under the curve (AUC) from the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results: AUC values of &gt;0.90 were achieved by combining the SCR with blob and clinical metrics. Increasing the number of non-congruent, independent variables resulted in higher AUC scores. Restricting analysis to blob volumes &gt; 0.1 cm3 achieved higher AUC values. The additional total savings in time by applying the new automation tools reduced the processing time by 80 to 170 min for 10 patients. Implementing the new automation tools resulted in an overall processing time of 40 to 80 min per 10 patients. Conclusions: Automating the spectral\/statistics approach resulted in AUCs not inferior to those obtained from AI. The automation achieved sufficiently high AUCs and also reduced processing times, warranting future assessments in large patient cohorts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18152473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T06:17:40Z","timestamp":1785737860000},"page":"2473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toward Autonomous Prostate Cancer Clinical Significance Determination from Spectral\/Statistics Features in Bi-Parametric MRI"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Rulon","family":"Mayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncoscore, Garrett Park, MD 20896, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7361-2927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayaram","family":"Udupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baris","family":"Turkbey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0867-3694","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"II","given":"Charles B.","family":"Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York Proton Center, New York, NY 10035, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51722","article-title":"Modern paradigms for prostate cancer detection and management","volume":"217","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. 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