{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T08:46:43Z","timestamp":1785833203558,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":227,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015550","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNRR-POC-2023-12377326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR-POC-2023-12377326"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["101034319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101034319"]}]},{"award":["101034319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101034319"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of an aggressive malignancy of mature T-cells termed adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma (ATLL), as well as a spectrum of chronic inflammatory diseases. A defining feature of HTLV-1 infection is a profound dysregulation of apoptotic pathways, which is a key determinant of long-term viral persistence and favors malignant transformation. This review describes the mechanisms through which HTLV-1 gene products, including Tax and HBZ, reprogram host-cell signaling controlling the \u201capoptotic rheostat\u201d, an integrated network connecting redox metabolism, and response to apoptotic cues and immune pressure. We also highlight emerging therapeutic strategies to restore sensitivity to apoptosis, including BH3-mimetic drugs and rational combination approaches. Deciphering how HTLV-1 reconfigures the apoptotic network provides a conceptual and therapeutic framework for targeting death pathway vulnerabilities in ATLL and potentially other hematological neoplasms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18152494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T08:02:19Z","timestamp":1785830539000},"page":"2494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rewiring of the Apoptotic Rheostat in HTLV-1 Infection and Adult T-Cell Leukemia\/Lymphoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Arezoo","family":"Darbandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2807-5461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittoria","family":"Raimondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7237-6942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Ciccarese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3451-5622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donna M.","family":"D\u2019Agostino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Ciminale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7415","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.12.7415","article-title":"Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"77","author":"Poiesz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beha.2011.09.012","article-title":"Research and discovery of the first human cancer virus, HTLV-1","volume":"24","author":"Gallo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallinoto, A.C.R., Rosadas, C., Machado, L.F.A., Taylor, G.P., and Ishak, R. (2022). HTLV: It Is Time to Reach a Consensus on Its Nomenclature. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.896224"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2021-055241","article-title":"Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 and Adult T-cell leukaemia\/lymphoma in Queensland, Australia: A retrospective cross-sectional study","volume":"99","author":"Martin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gessain, A., and Cassar, O. (2012). Epidemiological Aspects and World Distribution of HTLV-1 Infection. Front. Microbiol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00388"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3603","DOI":"10.3390\/v7072793","article-title":"Modes of Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Transmission, Replication and Persistence","volume":"7","author":"Carpentier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.09.004","article-title":"How does HTLV-1 cause adult T-cell leukaemia\/lymphoma (ATL)?","volume":"14","author":"Bangham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15012","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.12","article-title":"HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis","volume":"1","author":"Bangham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.2014.966690","article-title":"Inflammatory manifestations of HTLV-1 and their therapeutic options","volume":"10","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00063-09","article-title":"Epidemiology, Treatment, and Prevention of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1-Associated Diseases","volume":"23","author":"Proietti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, \u00c1.R.N., Falc\u00e3o, L.F.M., and Quaresma, J.A.S. (2022). An Overview of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Lung Injury. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.914498"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30402-5","article-title":"Association between HTLV-1 infection and adverse health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies","volume":"20","author":"Schierhout","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2019.04.003","article-title":"Molecular biology of human T cell leukemia virus","volume":"37","author":"Ratner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laydon, D.J., Sunkara, V., Boelen, L., Bangham, C.R.M., and Asquith, B. (2020). The relative contributions of infectious and mitotic spread to HTLV-1 persistence. PLoS Comput. Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007470"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-09-692574","article-title":"Adult T-cell leukemia: Molecular basis for clonal expansion and transformation of HTLV-1\u2013infected T cells","volume":"129","author":"Watanabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V50.3.481.481","article-title":"Adult T-cell leukemia: Clinical and hematologic features of 16 cases","volume":"50","author":"Uchiyama","year":"1977","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1991.tb08051.x","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria and classification of clinical subtypes of adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma","volume":"79","author":"Shimoyama","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.21037\/aol-21-6","article-title":"Adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma\u2014Pathobiology and implications for modern clinical management","volume":"5","author":"Cook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forlani, G., Shallak, M., Accolla, R.S., and Romanelli, M.G. (2021). HTLV-1 Infection and Pathogenesis: New Insights from Cellular and Animal Models. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158001"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciminale, V., Rende, F., Bertazzoni, U., and Romanelli, M.G. (2014). HTLV-1 and HTLV-2: Highly similar viruses with distinct oncogenic properties. Front. Microbiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00398"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-019-0483-0","article-title":"Comparative virology of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2","volume":"16","author":"Martinez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.12469.2","article-title":"Single-cell heterogeneity and cell-cycle-related viral gene bursts in the human leukaemia virus HTLV-1","volume":"2","author":"Billman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohanty, S., and Harhaj, E.W. (2020). Mechanisms of Oncogenesis by HTLV-1 Tax. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9070543"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-020-0511-0","article-title":"HTLV-1 bZIP factor: The key viral gene for pathogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satou, Y., Yasunaga, J.-I., Zhao, T., Yoshida, M., Miyazato, P., Takai, K., Shimizu, K., Ohshima, K., Green, P.L., and Ohkura, N. (2011). HTLV-1 bZIP Factor Induces T-Cell Lymphoma and Systemic Inflammation In Vivo. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001274"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1389","article-title":"Thymus-derived leukemia-lymphoma in mice transgenic for the Tax gene of human T-lymphotropic virus type I","volume":"12","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Currer, R., Van Duyne, R., Jaworski, E., Guendel, I., Sampey, G., Das, R., Narayanan, A., and Kashanchi, F. (2012). HTLV Tax: A Fascinating Multifunctional Co-Regulator of Viral and Cellular Pathways. Front. Microbiol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00406"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirasawa, M., Nakajima, R., Zhou, Y., Fikriyanti, M., Iwanaga, R., Bradford, A.P., Kurayoshi, K., Araki, K., and Ohtani, K. (2025). Transcriptional Activation Mechanisms and Target Genes of the Oncogene Product Tax of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1. Genes, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16101221"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26270","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.684746","article-title":"Akt Pathway Activation by Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Oncoprotein","volume":"290","author":"Cherian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2011.02123.x","article-title":"Activation of mTOR by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax is important for the transformation of mouse T cells to interleukin-2-independent growth","volume":"103","author":"Yoshita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"233","article-title":"Regulation of NF-kappaB by the HTLV-1 Tax protein","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene Expr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(11)80535-8","article-title":"Activation of NF-\u03baB by the Tax Protein of HTLV-1","volume":"193","author":"Munoz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"6","article-title":"HTLV-I Tax-Mediated Inactivation of Cell Cycle Checkpoints and DNA Repair Pathways Contribute to Cellular Transformation: \u201cA Random Mutagenesis Model\u201d","volume":"2","author":"Nicot","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9359","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00242-08","article-title":"Transcriptional Control of Spliced and Unspliced Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 bZIP Factor (HBZ) Gene","volume":"82","author":"Yoshida","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12813","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.24.12813-12822.2002","article-title":"The Complementary Strand of the Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 RNA Genome Encodes a bZIP Transcription Factor That Down-Regulates Viral Transcription","volume":"76","author":"Gaudray","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00480-06","article-title":"Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) bZIP Protein Interacts with the Cellular Transcription Factor CREB To Inhibit HTLV-1 Transcription","volume":"81","author":"Lemasson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-12-326199","article-title":"HTLV-1 bZIP factor enhances TGF-\u03b2 signaling through p300 coactivator","volume":"118","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2004.04999.x","article-title":"Expression of FoxP3, a key molecule in CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells, in adult T-cell leukaemia\/lymphoma cells","volume":"126","author":"Karube","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33766","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M200150200","article-title":"Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Tax Inhibits Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2 Signaling by Blocking the Association of Smad Proteins with Smad-binding Element","volume":"277","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3324","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14492","article-title":"NF-\u03baB signaling mechanisms inHTLV-1-induced adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"285","author":"Harhaj","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fochi, S., Mutascio, S., Bertazzoni, U., Zipeto, D., and Romanelli, M.G. (2018). HTLV Deregulation of the NF-\u03baB Pathway: An Update on Tax and Antisense Proteins Role. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00285"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-06-161729","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 bZIP factor selectively suppresses the classical pathway of NF-\u03baB","volume":"113","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2011.12.015","article-title":"Polycomb-Mediated Loss of miR-31 Activates NIK-Dependent NF-\u03baB Pathway in Adult T Cell Leukemia and Other Cancers","volume":"21","author":"Yamagishi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhi, H., Yang, L., Kuo, Y.-L., Ho, Y.-K., Shih, H.-M., and Giam, C.-Z. (2011). NF-\u03baB Hyper-Activation by HTLV-1 Tax Induces Cellular Senescence, but Can Be Alleviated by the Viral Anti-Sense Protein HBZ. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002025"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-020-0262-1","article-title":"p53: 800 million years of evolution and 40 years of discovery","volume":"20","author":"Levine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190500244217","article-title":"Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes and the progression of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma","volume":"46","author":"Yamada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3415","article-title":"Integrated molecular analysis of adult T cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"47","author":"Kataoka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.20.10.3377-3386.2000","article-title":"Inactivation of p53 by Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Tax Requires Activation of the NF-\u03baB Pathway and Is Dependent on p53 Phosphorylation","volume":"20","author":"Mahieux","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6719","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208825","article-title":"Activated AKT regulates NF-\u03baB activation, p53 inhibition and cell survival in HTLV-1-transformed cells","volume":"24","author":"Jeong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203450","article-title":"HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein represses the p53-mediated trans-activation function through coactivator CBP sequestration","volume":"19","author":"Ariumi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6424","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1-encoded protein HBZ represses p53 function by inhibiting the acetyltransferase activity of p300\/CBP and HBO1","volume":"7","author":"Wright","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28503","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.48.28503","article-title":"Transcriptional Repression of p53 by Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type I Tax Protein","volume":"270","author":"Uittenbogaard","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.2.1165-1170.1998","article-title":"Inhibition of p53 Transactivation Function by the Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Tax Protein","volume":"72","author":"Choi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4137","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1202766","article-title":"Tax protein of HTLV-1 inhibits CBP\/p300-mediated transcription by interfering with recruitment of CBP\/p300 onto DNA element of E-box or p53 binding site","volume":"18","author":"Suzuki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022017755","article-title":"Prognostic value and oncogenic landscape of TP53 alterations in adult and pediatric T-ALL","volume":"141","author":"Simonin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.06.176","article-title":"An Integrated Data Resource for Genomic Analysis of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"138","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02549-5","article-title":"p53: From understanding its structure to advances in therapeutic targeting","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20007","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic inactivation of tax gene in adult T-cell leukemia cells","volume":"109","author":"Takeda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.4.987","article-title":"Existence of escape mutant in HTLV-I tax during the development of adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"97","author":"Furukawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V88.8.3065.bloodjournal8883065","article-title":"Two types of defective human T-lymphotropic virus type I provirus in adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"88","author":"Tamiya","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507631103","article-title":"HTLV-I basic leucine zipper factor gene mRNA supports proliferation of adult T cell leukemia cells","volume":"103","author":"Satou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, T. (2016). The Role of HBZ in HTLV-1-Induced Oncogenesis. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8020034"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.5045\/br.2017.52.2.106","article-title":"Evaluation of the role of TAX, HBZ, and HTLV-1 proviral load on the survival of ATLL patients","volume":"52","author":"Akbarin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4855","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-11-316463","article-title":"Kinetics and intracellular compartmentalization of HTLV-1 gene expression: Nuclear retention of HBZ mRNAs","volume":"117","author":"Rende","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5574","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020001675","article-title":"Epigenetic silencing of HTLV-1 expression by the HBZ RNA through interference with the basal transcription machinery","volume":"4","author":"Gazon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-023-01153-w","article-title":"Apoptotic cell death in disease\u2014Current understanding of the NCCD 2023","volume":"30","author":"Vitale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20210854","article-title":"The concept of intrinsic versus extrinsic apoptosis","volume":"479","author":"Lossi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ircmb.2018.07.004","article-title":"T Cells and Regulated Cell Death: Kill or Be Killed","volume":"342","author":"Spetz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0089-8","article-title":"Regulation of apoptosis in health and disease: The balancing act of BCL-2 family proteins","volume":"20","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1998.14.261","article-title":"Expression of FAP-1 (Fas-Associated Phosphatase) and Resistance to Fas-Mediated Apoptosis in T Cell Lines Derived from Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1-Associated Myelopathy\/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis Patients","volume":"14","author":"Arai","year":"1998","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8509","article-title":"Repression of Bax Gene Expression by the HTLV-I Tax Protein: Implications for Suppression of Apoptosis in Virally Infected Cells","volume":"231","author":"Brauweiler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1089\/08892220252781266","article-title":"Short Communication: Resistance to Tumor Necrosis Factor- \u03b1 -Induced Apoptosis in Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type I-Infected T Cell Lines","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"2299","article-title":"HTLV-1 persistence and the oncogenesis of adult T cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"141","author":"Bangham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6093263","article-title":"Cloning of the Chromosome Breakpoint of Neoplastic B Cells with the t(14;18) Chromosome Translocation","volume":"226","author":"Tsujimoto","year":"1984","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-025-01481-z","article-title":"The BCL-2 protein family: From discovery to drug development","volume":"32","author":"Croce","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2008.83","article-title":"Vaccinia virus anti-apoptotic F1L is a novel Bcl-2-like domain-swapped dimer that binds a highly selective subset of BH3-containing death ligands","volume":"15","author":"Kvansakul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-02760-y","article-title":"Ubiquitination and deubiquitination of MCL1 in cancer: Deciphering chemoresistance mechanisms and providing potential therapeutic options","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2010.10.017","article-title":"Bcl-2 proteins and mitochondria\u2014Specificity in membrane targeting for death","volume":"1813","author":"Lindsay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) \u2014Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12481","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C000871200","article-title":"Bcl-B, a Novel Bcl-2 Family Member That Differentially Binds and Regulates Bax and Bak","volume":"276","author":"Ke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2011.158","article-title":"BCL2A1: The underdog in the BCL2 family","volume":"19","author":"Vogler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S1535-6108(02)00127-7","article-title":"Distinct BH3 domains either sensitize or activate mitochondrial apoptosis, serving as prototype cancer therapeutics","volume":"2","author":"Letai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-017-0308-0","article-title":"Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization: A focus on the role of mitochondrial membrane structural organization","volume":"9","author":"Suhaili","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, P., Chen, G., Jin, W., Mao, K., Wan, H., and He, Y. (2022). Molecular Mechanisms of Parthanatos and Its Role in Diverse Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137292"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2010.08.002","article-title":"Apoptogenic factors released from mitochondria","volume":"1813","author":"Vaux","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02176-0","article-title":"The BCL2 family: From apoptosis mechanisms to new advances in targeted therapy","volume":"10","author":"Vogler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2007.08.002","article-title":"BH3 mimetics to improve cancer therapy; mechanisms and examples","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updat."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81590-1","article-title":"Cleavage of BID by Caspase 8 Mediates the Mitochondrial Damage in the Fas Pathway of Apoptosis","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2024.101195","article-title":"BCL-2 inhibition in haematological malignancies: Clinical application and complications","volume":"65","author":"Hellmich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V86.5.1903.bloodjournal8651903","article-title":"Expression of bcl-xL can confer a multidrug resistance phenotype","volume":"86","author":"Minn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7981","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.10.7981-7987.1999","article-title":"Induction of Bcl-xLExpression by Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax through NF-\u03baB in Apoptosis-Resistant T-Cell Transfectants with Tax","volume":"73","author":"Tsukahara","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.20.8.2687-2695.2000","article-title":"The Rel\/NF-\u03baB Family Directly Activates Expression of the Apoptosis Inhibitor Bcl-xL","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-00692-w","article-title":"Regulation of Bcl-XL by non-canonical NF-\u03baB in the context of CD40-induced drug resistance in CLL","volume":"28","author":"Haselager","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"275","article-title":"Bcl-X(L) is up-regulated by HTLV-I and HTLV-II in vitro and in ex vivo ATLL samples","volume":"96","author":"Nicot","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-01-0151","article-title":"Bay 11-7082 inhibits transcription factor NF-kappa B and induces apoptosis of HTLV-I-infected T-cell lines and primary adult T-cell leukemia cells","volume":"100","author":"Mori","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6209","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16136","article-title":"Understanding MCL1: From cellular function and regulation to pharmacological inhibition","volume":"289","author":"Sancho","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-019-0486-3","article-title":"Saga of Mcl-1: Regulation from transcription to degradation","volume":"27","author":"Senichkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, Y.B., and Harhaj, E.W. (2014). HTLV-1 Tax Stabilizes MCL-1 via TRAF6-Dependent K63-Linked Polyubiquitination to Promote Cell Survival and Transformation. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004458"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00450-16","article-title":"Enhanced Stabilization of MCL1 by the Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 bZIP Factor Is Modulated by Blocking the Recruitment of Cullin 1 to the SCF Complex","volume":"36","author":"Mukai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6731","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1601537113","article-title":"Oncogenic mutations in the FBXW7 gene of adult T-cell leukemia patients","volume":"113","author":"Yeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0040524","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00405-24","article-title":"The HTLV-I oncoprotein Tax inactivates the tumor suppressor FBXW7","volume":"98","author":"Bellon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02564-6","article-title":"The multiple mechanisms of MCL1 in the regulation of cell fate","volume":"4","author":"Widden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.13.4.382","article-title":"The prosurvival Bcl-2 homolog Bfl-1\/A1 is a direct transcriptional target of NF-kappa B that blocks TNFalpha -induced apoptosis","volume":"13","author":"Zong","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/11.11.1753","article-title":"Expression of the Bcl-2 family member A1 is developmentally regulated in T cells","volume":"11","author":"Tomayko","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21357","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.340992","article-title":"Tax Protein-induced Expression of Antiapoptotic Bfl-1 Protein Contributes to Survival of Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected T-cells","volume":"287","author":"Macaire","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(98)00006-5","article-title":"Molecules in focus Bax. The pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, Bax","volume":"30","author":"Brady","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14186","article-title":"Bax, Bak and beyond\u2014Mitochondrial performance in apoptosis","volume":"285","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.2001.5310","article-title":"Block of a Mitochondrial-Mediated Apoptotic Pathway in Tax-Expressing Murine Fibroblasts","volume":"269","author":"Saggioro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2004.05.024","article-title":"Relevance of CREB phosphorylation in the anti-apoptotic function of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 tax protein in serum-deprived murine fibroblasts","volume":"299","author":"Trevisan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.08.049","article-title":"MicroRNA 34a contributes to virus-mediated apoptosis through binding to its target gene Bax in influenza A virus infection","volume":"83","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, J., Imani, S., Wu, M.-Y., and Wu, R.-C. (2023). MicroRNA-34 Family in Cancers: Role, Mechanism, and Therapeutic Potential. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202308.0847.v1"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, V.K., Raimondi, V., Ruggero, K., Pise-Masison, C.A., Cavallari, I., Silic-Benussi, M., Ciminale, V., and D\u2019agostino, D.M. (2018). Expression of miR-34a in T-Cells Infected by Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00832"},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"507","article-title":"HTLV-1-associated adult T cell leukemia is highly susceptible to Navitoclax due to enhanced Bax expression","volume":"138","author":"Giaisi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400783","article-title":"Pro-apoptotic cascade activates BID, which oligomerizes BAK or BAX into pores that result in the release of cytochrome c","volume":"7","author":"Korsmeyer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"e108690","article-title":"BCL-2-family protein tBID can act as a BAX-like effector of apoptosis","volume":"41","author":"Hohorst","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2012.06.017","article-title":"The major isoforms of Bim contribute to distinct biological activities that govern the processes of autophagy and apoptosis in interleukin-7 dependent lymphocytes","volume":"1823","author":"Ruppert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) \u2014Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2013.08.048","article-title":"BID Preferentially Activates BAK while BIM Preferentially Activates BAX, Affecting Chemotherapy Response","volume":"51","author":"Sarosiek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1575","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.536","article-title":"Tax contributes apoptosis resistance to HTLV-1-infected T cells via suppression of Bid and Bim expression","volume":"5","author":"Giaisi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3829","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e10-04-0353","article-title":"Hypoxia Suppression of Bim and Bmf Blocks Anoikis and Luminal Clearing during Mammary Morphogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Whelan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-0436","article-title":"HTLV-1 bZIP Factor Suppresses Apoptosis by Attenuating the Function of FoxO3a and Altering Its Localization","volume":"74","author":"Yasunaga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O51","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-11-S1-O51","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of apoptosis suppression by HTLV-1 bZIP factor in HTLV-1 infected cells","volume":"11","author":"Yasunaga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2017.11.017","article-title":"Bad phosphorylation as a target of inhibition in oncology","volume":"415","author":"Bui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2009.44","article-title":"BAD: Undertaker by night, candyman by day","volume":"27","author":"Danial","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80405-5","article-title":"Akt Phosphorylation of BAD Couples Survival Signals to the Cell-Intrinsic Death Machinery","volume":"91","author":"Datta","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1204364","article-title":"Phosphoinositide-3 kinase-PKB\/Akt pathway activation is involved in fibroblast Rat-1 transformation by human T-cell leukemia virus type I tax","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8927","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M510598200","article-title":"Role for Akt\/Protein Kinase B and Activator Protein-1 in Cellular Proliferation Induced by the Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Oncoprotein","volume":"281","author":"Peloponese","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5967","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203008","article-title":"Tax oncoprotein of HTLV-1 binds to the human homologue of Drosophila discs large tumor suppressor protein, hDLG, and perturbs its function in cell growth control","volume":"18","author":"Suzuki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3933","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-06-2567","article-title":"HTLV-1 Tax protects against CD95-mediated apoptosis by induction of the cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP)","volume":"107","author":"Krueger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"mjac074","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjac074","article-title":"The ARTS of p53-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis","volume":"14","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3247","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M106643200","article-title":"Transcriptional Repression of the Anti-apoptoticsurvivin Gene by Wild Type p53","volume":"277","author":"Hoffman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2014.12.007","article-title":"Survivin\u2014The inconvenient IAP","volume":"39","author":"Altieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jcs223826","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.223826","article-title":"Survivin at a glance","volume":"132","author":"Wheatley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4880","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-08-3423","article-title":"Overexpression of survivin in primary ATL cells and sodium arsenite induces apoptosis by down-regulating survivin expression in ATL cell lines","volume":"107","author":"Che","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-05-427773","article-title":"Markedly additive antitumor activity with the combination of a selective survivin suppressant YM155 and alemtuzumab in adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"121","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20954","article-title":"Transcriptional activation of survivin through the NF-\u03baB pathway by human T-cell leukemia virus type I tax","volume":"115","author":"Kawakami","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4143","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-0942","article-title":"HTLV-1 bZIP Factor RNA and Protein Impart Distinct Functions on T-cell Proliferation and Survival","volume":"75","author":"Mitobe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"17","article-title":"Adult T-Leukemia Cells Produce a Lymphokine That Augments Interleukin-2 Receptor Expression","volume":"2","author":"Teshigawara","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06502.x","article-title":"Correction to: ATL-derived factor (ADF), an IL-2 receptor\/Tac inducer homologous to thioredoxin; possible involvement of dithiol-reduction in the IL-2 receptor induction","volume":"13","author":"Tagaya","year":"1994","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2012.09.007","article-title":"A ROS rheostat for cell fate regulation","volume":"23","author":"Maryanovich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9912436","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9912436","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Regulates Different Types of Cell Death by Acting as a Rheostat","volume":"2021","author":"Gibson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-026-02583-x","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer: From mechanism to therapeutic implications","volume":"11","author":"Akter","year":"2026","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3945","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.15068","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in cancer: Current findings and future directions","volume":"112","author":"Nakamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0651-y","article-title":"Oncogenic pathways and the electron transport chain: A dangeROS liaison","volume":"122","author":"Raimondi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciccarese, F., and Ciminale, V. (2017). Escaping Death: Mitochondrial Redox Homeostasis in Cancer Cells. Front. Oncol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2017.00117"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001408","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001408","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant status and oxidative stress markers in HTLV-1 infected individuals: Correlation with the severity of virus-induced complications","volume":"71","author":"Yaghoubi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-022-00758-y","article-title":"Glutathione reductase system changes in HTLV-1 infected patients","volume":"33","author":"Ehtiati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virusdisease"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25371","article-title":"Thioredoxin reductase gene expression and activity among human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1\u2013infected patients","volume":"91","author":"Yaghoubi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3050","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.6.3050","article-title":"Human T Cell Leukemia Virus-I (HTLV-I) Tax-Mediated Apoptosis in Activated T Cells Requires an Enhanced Intracellular Prooxidant State","volume":"161","author":"Los","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5431","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02460-09","article-title":"Induction of Reactive Oxygen Species by Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Correlates with DNA Damage and Expression of Cellular Senescence Marker","volume":"84","author":"Kinjo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-5890(01)00109-2","article-title":"Thioredoxin-mediated redox control of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) gene expression","volume":"38","author":"Sasada","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(96)02651-X","article-title":"Transactivation of an inducible anti-oxidative stress protein, human thioredoxin by HTLV-I Tax","volume":"54","author":"Masutani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohanty, S., Suklabaidya, S., Mnatsakanyan, N., Jacobson, S., and Harhaj, E.W. (2026). HTLV-1 Tax induces PINK1-PRKN\/parkin-dependent mitophagy to mitigate activation of the CGAS-STING1 pathway. Autophagy, accepted.","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2026.2707897"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2009.02.001","article-title":"Modulation of mitochondrial K+ permeability and reactive oxygen species production by the p13 protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1","volume":"1787","author":"Cannizzaro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) \u2014Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-07-235861","article-title":"Redox regulation of T-cell turnover by the p13 protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1: Distinct effects in primary versus transformed cells","volume":"116","author":"Cavallari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2010.03.001","article-title":"HTLV-1 p13, a small protein with a busy agenda","volume":"31","author":"Biasiotto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3469","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.7.3469-3476.2006","article-title":"Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Mitochondrion-Localizing Protein p13II Is Required for Viral Infectivity In Vivo","volume":"80","author":"Hiraragi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2023.10.004","article-title":"Ceramides and their roles in programmed cell death","volume":"68","author":"Mezencev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09654-4","article-title":"Ceramides bind VDAC2 to trigger mitochondrial apoptosis","volume":"10","author":"Dadsena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-06-293340","article-title":"Suppression of HTLV-1 replication by Tax-mediated rerouting of the p13 viral protein to nuclear speckles","volume":"118","author":"Andresen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moles, R., Omsland, M., Pise-Masison, C.A., Subleski, J.J., McVicar, D.W., Sarkis, S., Gutowska, A., Schifanella, L., Doster, M., and Washington-Parks, R. (2025). HTLV-1 p13 Protein Hijacks Macrophage Polarization and Promotes T-Cell Recruitment. Viruses, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/v17040471"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rushing, A.W., Rushing, B., Hoang, K., Sanders, S.V., P\u00e9lopon\u00e8se, J.-M., Polakowski, N., and Lemasson, I. (2019). HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor protects cells from oxidative stress by upregulating expression of Heme Oxygenase I. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007922"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5675","article-title":"New Insights into Intracellular Locations and Functions of Heme Oxygenase-1","volume":"20","author":"Dunn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e179570","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI179570","article-title":"Targeting apoptotic pathways for cancer therapy","volume":"134","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.1.57","article-title":"Resistance to Fas-mediated Apoptosis of Peripheral T Cells in Human T Lymphocyte Virus Type I (HTLV-I) Transgenic Mice with Autoimmune Arthropathy","volume":"186","author":"Kishi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1994.10.1259","article-title":"Inhibition of Apoptosis in T Cells Expressing Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type I Tax","volume":"10","author":"Copeland","year":"1994","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3847","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V94.11.3847","article-title":"Inhibition of Caspase Cascade by HTLV-I Tax through Induction of NF-kappaB Nuclear Translocation","volume":"94","author":"Kawakami","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2443.2006.00927.x","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type-I oncoprotein Tax inhibits Fas-mediated apoptosis by inducing cellular FLIP through activation of NF-\u03baB","volume":"11","author":"Okamoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-025-02101-4","article-title":"The critical role of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) in tumor development","volume":"30","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-026-08771-5","article-title":"c-FLIP as a master regulator of immune homeostasis and disease mechanisms","volume":"17","author":"Urbini","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5032","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)53498-0","article-title":"Human T cell leukemia virus type I Tax and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induce expression of the A20 zinc finger protein by distinct mechanisms involving nuclear factor kappa B","volume":"268","author":"Laherty","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2015.267","article-title":"A20 targets caspase-8 and FADD to protect HTLV-I-infected cells","volume":"30","author":"Saitoh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2972","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V81.11.2972.2972","article-title":"APO-1-Induced Apoptosis of Leukemia Cells from Patients with Adult T-Cell Leukemia","volume":"81","author":"Debatin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3935","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V91.10.3935","article-title":"Mutation of CD95 (Fas\/Apo-1) Gene in Adult T-Cell Leukemia Cells","volume":"91","author":"Tamiya","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19970703)72:1<128::AID-IJC18>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Soluble and membrane isoforms of Fas\/CD95 in fresh adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) cells and ATL-cell lines","volume":"72","author":"Sugahara","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.7.1063","article-title":"Fas Gene Mutation in the Progression of Adult T Cell Leukemia","volume":"189","author":"Maeda","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(03)00006-5","article-title":"Aberrant processing of Fas transcripts in adult T-cell leukemia: A possible role in tumor cell survival","volume":"193","author":"Tawara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1999.01792.x","article-title":"Discrepant expression of membrane and soluble isoforms of Fas (CD95\/APO-1) in adult T-cell leukaemia: Soluble Fas isoform is an independent risk factor for prognosis","volume":"107","author":"Kamihira","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5047","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-0685","article-title":"How Do Cytotoxic Lymphocytes Kill Cancer Cells?","volume":"21","author":"Anel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cigalotto, L., and Martinvalet, D. (2024). Granzymes in health and diseases: The good, the bad and the ugly. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1371743"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.10.1403","article-title":"Initiation of Apoptosis by Granzyme B Requires Direct Cleavage of Bid, but Not Direct Granzyme B\u2013Mediated Caspase Activation","volume":"192","author":"Sutton","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090404","article-title":"Death by a Thousand Cuts: Granzyme Pathways of Programmed Cell Death","volume":"26","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22020","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M313234200","article-title":"Degradation of Mcl-1 by Granzyme B","volume":"279","author":"Han","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(03)00108-0","article-title":"Nuclear war: The granzyme A-bomb","volume":"15","author":"Lieberman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1083","article-title":"The ABCs of granule-mediated cytotoxicity: New weapons in the arsenal","volume":"3","author":"Lieberman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00150-8","article-title":"Tumor Suppressor NM23-H1 Is a Granzyme A-Activated DNase during CTL-Mediated Apoptosis, and the Nucleosome Assembly Protein SET Is Its Inhibitor","volume":"112","author":"Fan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1086\/420832","article-title":"Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) Type\u20131\u2013Specific CD8+T Cells: Frequency and Immunodominance Hierarchy","volume":"189","author":"Goon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5723","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900069","article-title":"The Avidity and Lytic Efficiency of the CTL Response to HTLV-1","volume":"182","author":"Kattan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, G.P., Evans, W., and Rosadas, C. (2024). High HTLV-1 Proviral Load Predates and Predicts HTLV-1-Associated Disease: Literature Review and the London Experience. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13070553"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5121","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.8.5121","article-title":"The Role of CTLs in Persistent Viral Infection: Cytolytic Gene Expression in CD8+ Lymphocytes Distinguishes between Individuals with a High or Low Proviral Load of Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1","volume":"173","author":"Vine","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(03)00032-3","article-title":"Granzyme B-Induced Apoptosis Requires Both Direct Caspase Activation and Relief of Caspase Inhibition","volume":"18","author":"Goping","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V110.11.511.511","article-title":"CTL Exhaustion in Persistent HTLV-1 Infection and ATLL Is Restored through PD-1\/PD-L1 Pathway","volume":"110","author":"Kozako","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8509","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27782","article-title":"CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in cancer immunotherapy: A review","volume":"234","author":"Farhood","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5718","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.8.5718","article-title":"Reduced Frequency, Diversity, and Function of Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1-Specific CD8+ T Cell in Adult T Cell Leukemia Patients","volume":"177","author":"Kozako","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_193","first-page":"391953","article-title":"Is There a Role for HTLV-1-Specific CTL in Adult T-Cell Leukemia\/Lymphoma?","volume":"2012","author":"Rowan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Leuk. Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03579","article-title":"An inhibitor of Bcl-2 family proteins induces regression of solid tumours","volume":"435","author":"Oltersdorf","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2011.11.030","article-title":"Targeting Bcl-2 family proteins in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma: In vitro and in vivo effects of the novel Bcl-2 family inhibitor ABT-737","volume":"317","author":"Ishitsuka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-5836","article-title":"ABT-263: A Potent and Orally Bioavailable Bcl-2 Family Inhibitor","volume":"68","author":"Tse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70261-8","article-title":"Navitoclax, a targeted high-affinity inhibitor of BCL-2, in lymphoid malignancies: A phase 1 dose-escalation study of safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and antitumour activity","volume":"11","author":"Wilson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.01.037","article-title":"Programmed Anuclear Cell Death Delimits Platelet Life Span","volume":"128","author":"Mason","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3048","article-title":"ABT-199, a potent and selective BCL-2 inhibitor, achieves antitumor activity while sparing platelets","volume":"19","author":"Souers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_200","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration Venclexta (Venetoclax) (2026, July 28). Supplement Approval and Fulfillment of Postmarketing Requirement, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/appletter\/2018\/208573Orig1s004s005ltr.pdf."},{"key":"ref_201","unstructured":"(2026, April 22). FDA Approves Venetoclax in Combination for AML in Adults, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/fda-approves-venetoclax-combination-aml-adults."},{"key":"ref_202","unstructured":"(2026, May 07). Venclyxto (Venetoclax): EPAR\u2014Product Information. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/venclyxto."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.21037\/aol-21-23","article-title":"Complete response of relapsed adult T-cell lymphoma leukemia to a Bcl-2 inhibitor: A case report","volume":"6","author":"Petrillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20220153","article-title":"Last but not least: BFL-1 as an emerging target for anti-cancer therapies","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020006785","article-title":"BCL2 and MCL1 inhibitors for hematologic malignancies","volume":"138","author":"Roberts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0060125","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00601-25","article-title":"Untangling the causes of geographical disparities in the clinical outcome of HTLV-1 infection: A critical perspective on the contribution of viral genetic diversity","volume":"99","author":"Duchateau","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.06.023","article-title":"Combination antiretroviral therapy and MCL-1 inhibition mitigate HTLV-1 infection in vivo","volume":"188","author":"Cooney","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023603","article-title":"Proteasome Inhibitor Drugs","volume":"60","author":"Fricker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_209","first-page":"1083","article-title":"Proteasome inhibitor PS-341, a potential therapeutic agent for adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"62","author":"Tan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208212","article-title":"Efficacy and mechanism of action of the proteasome inhibitor PS-341 in T-cell lymphomas and HTLV-I associated adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"24","author":"Nasr","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.12735","article-title":"A phase II study of bortezomib in patients with relapsed or refractory aggressive adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"106","author":"Ishitsuka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_212","first-page":"5287","article-title":"Promise of combining a Bcl-2 family inhibitor with bortezomib or SAHA for adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"34","author":"Kunami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.425.3.4","article-title":"The histone deacetylase inhibitor suberic bishydroxamate regulates the expression of multiple apoptotic mediators and induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of melanoma cells","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, R.C., Vardinogiannis, I., and Gilmore, T.D. (2013). The Sensitivity of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Cell Lines to Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor-Induced Apoptosis Is Modulated by BCL-2 Family Protein Activity. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062822"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-06-792150","article-title":"Synergy of BCL2 and histone deacetylase inhibition against leukemic cells from cutaneous T-cell lymphoma patients","volume":"130","author":"Cyrenne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.25.5.1608-1619.2005","article-title":"Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Down-Regulate bcl-2 Expression and Induce Apoptosis in t(14;18) Lymphomas","volume":"25","author":"Duan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2007.05.026","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce growth arrest and apoptosis of HTLV-1-infected T-cells via blockade of signaling by nuclear factor \u03baB","volume":"32","author":"Nishioka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2014.241","article-title":"Augmented efficacy with the combination of blockade of the Notch-1 pathway, bortezomib and romidepsin in a murine MT-1 adult T-cell leukemia model","volume":"29","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-10-182758","article-title":"The histone deacetylase inhibitors LAQ824 and LBH589 do not require death receptor signaling or a functional apoptosome to mediate tumor cell death or therapeutic efficacy","volume":"114","author":"Ellis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7604283","article-title":"Constitutively Activated Jak-STAT Pathway in T Cells Transformed with HTLV-I","volume":"269","author":"Migone","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12480","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1516208112","article-title":"Selective targeting of JAK\/STAT signaling is potentiated by Bcl-xL blockade in IL-2\u2013dependent adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-018-0480-8","article-title":"Novel Immunotherapies for T Cell Lymphoma and Leukemia","volume":"13","author":"Ghione","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Hematol. Malign-Rep."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-026-08698-x","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of BH3-mimetics and NK cell-mediated immunotherapy in T-ALL","volume":"17","author":"Fortner","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0870-9","article-title":"Selective killing of human T-ALL cells: An integrated approach targeting redox homeostasis and the OMA1\/OPA1 axis","volume":"9","author":"Scattolin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silic-Benussi, M., Sharova, E., Corradin, A., Urso, L., Raimondi, V., Cavallari, I., Buldini, B., Francescato, S., Minuzzo, S.A., and D\u2019agostino, D.M. (2023). Repurposing Verapamil to Enhance Killing of T-ALL Cells by the mTOR Inhibitor Everolimus. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030625"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102268","article-title":"mTOR inhibition downregulates glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and induces ROS-dependent death in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells","volume":"51","author":"Sharova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02368-8","article-title":"mTOR inhibition sensitizes T-ALL cells to Venetoclax through engagement of the integrated stress response","volume":"10","author":"Urso","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/15\/2494\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T08:21:38Z","timestamp":1785831698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/15\/2494"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":227,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers18152494"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers18152494","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]}}}