{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:49:45Z","timestamp":1786121385647,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["NCI #R01CA280968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCI #R01CA280968"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute Training","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32CA121938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32CA121938"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The majority of thyroid cancer patients are diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer. A complete R0 resection significantly lowers cancer recurrence risk for high-risk papillary thyroid cancer but can be difficult to achieve because tumor margins are not easily visualized. The purpose of the present narrative review is to describe current work and future directions in fluorescence-guided thyroid cancer surgery. Methods: PubMed and Google Scholar were used to identify 45 articles that focused on fluorescence labeling and imaging of thyroid cancer published through February 2026 using the search terms \u201cthyroid cancer\u201d AND (\u201cfluorescence imaging,\u201d OR \u201cNIR imaging\u201d OR \u201coptical imaging\u201d) OR \u201cfluorescence guided thyroidectomy\u201d. Standalone abstracts and publications not available in English were excluded. Results: 17 fluorescent probes were shown to visualize tumor margins and micrometastases, 3 probes were able to visualize nerves, and 2 probes targeted lymph nodes. Most studies were done using animal models. Two probes (EMI-137, which targets tumors, and bevonescein, which targets nerves) were tested in clinical trials with good safety profiles. Conclusions: Several tumor-targeted fluorophores and optical imaging strategies have shown promise for thyroid cancer localization, margin assessment, lymph node evaluation, and nerve visualization; however, most remain preclinical, and clinical utility will require standardized dosing, imaging thresholds, safety assessment, and outcome-based validation with multicenter clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18152505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T08:14:46Z","timestamp":1785917686000},"page":"2505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advances in Optical and Fluorescence Imaging for Surgical Management of Thyroid Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Blackberrie","family":"Eddins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"},{"name":"VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting-Chun","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4979-8749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyungju","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0732-9779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Homan","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammation Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6475-0156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maged","family":"Henary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Center of Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8910-3257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Kashiwagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammation Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"},{"name":"VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA"},{"name":"AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA 92111, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0086-2159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Bouvet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"},{"name":"VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2026, April 29). 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