{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T12:30:50Z","timestamp":1787056250929,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Accurate segmentation of histopathological images while preserving cellular morphology in computer-aided diagnostic systems is critically important for the diagnosis and staging of colon cancer. However, conventional metaheuristic algorithms performing multi-level thresholding on such complex tissues often suffer from premature convergence by becoming trapped in local optima as the search space increases. To address this limitation, this study proposes a new label-independent hybrid optimization algorithm focused on colon adenocarcinoma segmentation. Methods: The proposed algorithm hybridizes the global exploration capability of the Artificial Rabbit Optimization (ARO) algorithm with the local exploitation ability of the Ant Lion Optimization (ALO) algorithm through an optimized fixed transition ratio, thereby enabling efficient localization of cellular density valleys. Results: The principal findings obtained from the LC25000 colon cancer dataset demonstrate that the ARO-ALO algorithm achieves stable performance with high SSIM (0.8043) and FSIM (0.8595) scores while preserving the histopathological hierarchy. Furthermore, the preservation of diagnostic morphology after segmentation is statistically validated by the high Pearson (0.9870) and Spearman (0.9948) correlation coefficients. In addition, supplementary generalization experiments are conducted on the Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) and pulmonary circulation vessels datasets to verify the tissue-agnostic nature of the algorithm. Conclusions: Consequently, the ARO-ALO algorithm emerges as an efficient alternative for clinical decision support systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18162656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:35:08Z","timestamp":1786984508000},"page":"2656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Fixed-Ratio Hybrid ARO-ALO Algorithm for Multi-Level Thresholding of Histopathological Colon Cancer Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8901-6410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammed Faruk","family":"\u015eahin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Istanbul Atlas University, 34408 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Atat\u00fcrk Strategic Studies and Graduate Institute, National Defence University, 34330 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6133-8617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Can","family":"Ey\u00fcpo\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4AG, UK"},{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Turkish Air Force Academy, National Defence University, 34149 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8009-9319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oktay","family":"Karaku\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4AG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.117695","article-title":"Machine Learning-Based Lung and Colon Cancer Detection Using Deep Feature Extraction and Ensemble Learning","volume":"205","author":"Talukder","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Syst. 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