{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T08:27:23Z","timestamp":1787128043773,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50 CA97274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 CA97274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 CA92152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA92152"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Henry J Predolin Foundation"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ajgy086","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Mayo Clinic Clinician Investigator Training Program"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qp3tb03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Perinatal and early-life factors may influence non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) risk, but study results have been mixed and exposure data for childhood ages are limited. Herein, we investigated associations of these exposures with risk of NHL and common subtypes. Methods: This case\u2013control study included 2280 NHL cases and 2253 controls, enrolled from 2002 to 2014 at the Mayo Clinic Rochester. Self-reported perinatal and early-life exposures included maternal age at birth, birth order, birthweight, time breastfed, height and weight at ages 7, 12, and 18 years relative to peers, and age and weight when growth ceased. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for design variables and potential confounders. Linear trend tests were performed for ordinal variables, and heterogeneity tests were performed to evaluate whether associations varied across four NHL subtypes. Results: After multivariable adjustment, greater birth weight (OR = 1.15 for quartile 4 vs. 1; p-trend = 0.04), weight at age 7 relative to peers (compared to average, OR = 1.05 for heavy and OR = 0.87 for thin; p-trend = 0.002), and weight when growth ceased (OR = 1.30 for quartile 4 vs. 1; p-trend &lt; 0.001) were associated with increased NHL risk. An inverse association was observed for breastfeeding duration with NHL risk (OR = 0.77 for &gt;6 months vs. never; 95% CI 0.61\u20130.97). Associations did not significantly vary by major NHL subtype (p-heterogeneity &gt; 0.05). Other perinatal and early-life exposures were not associated with NHL risk. Conclusions: Greater body weight at birth and through childhood may be associated with increased NHL risk, potentially extending the life-course perspective on adiposity and lymphomagenesis, with implications for prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18162666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T08:08:41Z","timestamp":1787040521000},"page":"2666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perinatal and Early-Life Exposures and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6774-7326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George A.","family":"Cholack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6148-0421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geffen","family":"Kleinstern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4812-9397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis P.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4518-2309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie A.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8465-9587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy G.","family":"Call","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5009-4808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew L.","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5430-8161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa C.","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9004-9099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael","family":"Mwangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1244-6758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Ansell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7904-1651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne J.","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5951-5055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil E.","family":"Kay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3532-9132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Habermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3415-8247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy","family":"Cozen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology\/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Orange, CA 92868,\u00a0USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5173-4712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan L.","family":"Slager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7482-178X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James R.","family":"Cerhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-022-01620-2","article-title":"The 5th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Haematolymphoid Tumours: Lymphoid Neoplasms","volume":"36","author":"Alaggio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"e70043","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2026","volume":"76","author":"Siegel","year":"2026","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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