{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T10:26:00Z","timestamp":1787221560760,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Differentiated thyroid carcinoma is a morphologic diagnosis, not a direct measure of preserved thyroid function. Although most papillary, follicular, and oncocytic thyroid carcinomas retain architectural or cytologic features of follicular-cell derivation, a clinically important subset loses the molecular machinery required for effective iodine transport, organification, and radioiodine therapy. This functional divergence is central to the biology of radioiodine-indifferent and radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer. This review examines the role of oncogenic MAPK\/ERK signaling as a principal regulator of thyroid lineage suppression and therapeutic failure. Aberrant activation of the RAF\u2013MEK\u2013ERK axis, most prominently through BRAF^V600E, RAS alterations, and receptor tyrosine kinase fusions, does more than promote proliferation. It reshapes follicular-cell identity by repressing thyroid-lineage transcriptional programs and silencing iodine-handling genes, including SLC5A5\/NIS, TPO, TG, TSHR, SLC26A4, and related components of the iodine metabolic transcriptome. This repression is mediated through coordinated transcriptional, epigenetic, and post-transcriptional mechanisms involving lineage transcription factors such as PAX8, NKX2-1, and FOXE1; chromatin-modifying programs including histone deacetylation and PRC2\/EZH2-associated repression; DNA methylation; and non-coding RNA networks. Importantly, ERK-driven functional dedifferentiation is not always a fixed terminal state. Preclinical models and early clinical trials demonstrate that pharmacologic inhibition of the MAPK pathway can restore iodine avidity in selected radioiodine-refractory tumors, creating the theranostic basis for redifferentiation therapy. Iodine-124 PET\/CT and lesion-level dosimetry have shown that restored iodine uptake can be measured diagnostically and then exploited therapeutically with iodine-131. However, clinical translation remains limited by inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity, incomplete durability of response, adaptive pathway reactivation, persistent epigenetic repression, tumor microenvironmental influences, and the absence of standardized dosimetric thresholds. We propose that advanced follicular-cell-derived thyroid cancers should be understood along a functional differentiation continuum rather than through morphology alone. Within this framework, radioiodine refractoriness reflects not merely treatment failure, but a therapeutically interrogable state of lineage suppression. Refinement of redifferentiation therapy will require genotype-informed patient selection, functional imaging, standardized dosimetry, rational combination strategies, and prospective trials capable of distinguishing true restoration of radioiodine therapeutic efficacy from the antiproliferative effects of kinase inhibition alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18162697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:48:31Z","timestamp":1787219311000},"page":"2697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["ERK Signaling in Thyroid Cancer: Lineage Suppression, Epigenetic Reprogramming, and Theranostic Reversal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2174-1945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Ashtari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0160-104X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad M.","family":"Mehrabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seza A.","family":"Gulec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miami Cancer Research Center, Miami, FL 33180, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e70519","article-title":"An In-Depth Evaluation of CD15 Expression in Thyroid Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"Ehsani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00035-3","article-title":"The epidemiological landscape of thyroid cancer worldwide: GLOBOCAN estimates for incidence and mortality rates in 2020","volume":"10","author":"Pizzato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eshraghi, A., Mehrabi, M.M., and Jalali Nadoushan, M. 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