{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T05:18:55Z","timestamp":1787635135269,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has achieved substantial clinical success in haematological malignancies but has shown limited efficacy against solid tumours. Key barriers include inadequate tumour trafficking, immunosuppressive tumour microenvironments, poor selectivity and heterogeneity of antigen expression, and challenges related to safety and manufacturing. Biomaterial-based technologies have emerged as a potential strategy to address many of these limitations. This review aims to critically evaluate biomaterial approaches designed to enhance CAR-T cell therapy of solid tumours and assess their translational potential. Methods: A narrative review of recent pre-clinical translational studies was conducted, focussing on biomaterial platforms developed to improve CAR-T cell delivery, persistence, functionality, safety control, and manufacturing efficiency in solid-tumour settings. Approaches were analysed according to their mechanisms of action, therapeutic benefits, and stage of translational readiness. Results: Biomaterial strategies, including nanoparticles, injectable and implantable hydrogels, scaffolds, and hybrid delivery systems, have improved CAR-T infiltration, survival, and therapeutic efficacy in several solid-tumour models. Localised delivery of cytokines and other immunomodulatory cues enabled improved spatio-temporal control of CAR-T activation, reducing systemic toxicity, and increasing persistence. Additional applications include amplified ex vivo CAR-T expansion and support for non-viral or in vivo CAR-T generation. However, increased material complexity was frequently associated with challenges in scalability, regulatory approval, and long-term safety. Conclusions: Biomaterial-enabled approaches offer a versatile toolkit to address key biological and translational barriers limiting CAR-T cell therapy of solid tumours. Strategies based on clinically familiar materials and simplified designs appear most suitable for near-term clinical translation, emphasising the need to balance engineering innovation with safety, scalability, and integration into existing clinical workflows.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18172727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:20:02Z","timestamp":1787563202000},"page":"2727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biomaterial Techniques for Enhancing CAR-T Cell Therapy of Solid Tumours"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Kai","family":"Chilvers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, King\u2019s College London, 1st Floor, Henriette Raphael Building, Guy\u2019s Hospital Campus Great Maze Pond, London SE1 1UL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8275-8488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAR Mechanics Group, Guy\u2019s Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King\u2019s College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK"},{"name":"Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy\u2019s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, Kings Drive, Eastbourne BN21 2UD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515135520927164","DOI":"10.1177\/2515135520927164","article-title":"CAR T-cell immunotherapy of B-cell malignancy: The story so far","volume":"8","author":"Halim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e179","DOI":"10.1002\/ctd2.179","article-title":"Solid tumours: Building bridges to CAR-T success","volume":"3","author":"Maher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Discov."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2024.2380894","article-title":"CAR-T cell technologies that interact with the tumour microenvironment in solid tumours","volume":"20","author":"Taylor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-025-01924-1","article-title":"A collagenase nanogel backpack improves CAR-T cell therapy outcomes in pancreatic cancer","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94907359","DOI":"10.26599\/NR.2025.94907359","article-title":"Hyaluronidase nanogel-armed CAR-T cell for synergistically reducing tumor extracellular matrix and improving efficacy against solid tumors","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56712","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c15239","article-title":"Injectable Porous Microchips with Oxygen Reservoirs and an Immune-Niche Enhance the Efficacy of CAR T Cell Therapy in Solid Tumors","volume":"12","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.101517","article-title":"Supramolecular peptide hydrogel epitope vaccine functionalized with CAR-T cells for the treatment of solid tumors","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"e15182","article-title":"Delivery of B7H3-targeted CAR-T cells in injectable silk hydrogels and effects on the efficacy in treating solid tumors","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nwab172","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwab172","article-title":"Scattered seeding of CAR T cells in solid tumors augments anticancer efficacy","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414368","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202414368","article-title":"In Vivo Monitoring and Magnetically-Enhanced Delivery of CAR T-Cells to Solid Tumor","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70039","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70039","article-title":"Loading of CAR-T cells with magnetic nanoparticles for controlled targeting suppresses inflammatory cytokine release and switches tumor cell death mechanism","volume":"6","author":"Pfister","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2023.05.016","article-title":"A tetramethylpyrazine releasing hydrogel can potentiate CAR-T cell therapy against triple negative breast cancer by reprogramming tumor vasculatures","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fundam. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2501645","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202501645","article-title":"IL-21 Loading CaMnCO3 Vitality Backpacks Boost CAR-T Cell Synergistic Immunotherapy","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11749","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c02592","article-title":"A Near-Infrared-II Fluorescent Nanocatalyst for Enhanced CAR T Cell Therapy against Solid Tumor by Immune Reprogramming","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4181","article-title":"Enhancing T cell therapy through TCR-signaling-responsive nanoparticle drug delivery","volume":"36","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-021-00712-1","article-title":"Inhibition of post-surgery tumour recurrence via a hydrogel releasing CAR-T cells and anti-PDL1-conjugated platelets","volume":"5","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-17-0502","article-title":"CAR-T Cells Surface-Engineered with Drug-Encapsulated Nanoparticles Can Ameliorate Intratumoral T-cell Hypofunction","volume":"6","author":"Siriwon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3718","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-18-0306","article-title":"Nanoparticles That Reshape the Tumor Milieu Create a Therapeutic Window for Effective T-cell Therapy in Solid Malignancies","volume":"78","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5503","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c10845","article-title":"Extracellular Matrix Viscosity Reprogramming by In Situ Au Bioreactor-Boosted Microwavegenetics Disables Tumor Escape in CAR-T Immunotherapy","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122052","article-title":"Metformin-containing hydrogel scaffold to augment CAR-T therapy against post-surgical solid tumors","volume":"295","author":"Chao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI87624","article-title":"Biopolymers codelivering engineered T cells and STING agonists can eliminate heterogeneous tumors","volume":"127","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01246-y","article-title":"In situ antigen modification-based target-redirected universal chimeric antigen receptor T (TRUE CAR-T) cell therapy in solid tumors","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900192","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201900192","article-title":"Photothermal Therapy Promotes Tumor Infiltration and Antitumor Activity of CAR T Cells","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2018-0141","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of CAR T cell function by the hypoxic microenvironment in solid tumors","volume":"11","author":"Schurich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124187","article-title":"Sustained IL-15 release enhances CAR-T therapy in multiple myeloma via FOXO1 signaling axis activation","volume":"333","author":"Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S390720","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles Expressing CD19 Antigen Improve Expansion and Efficacy of CD19-Targeted CAR-T Cells","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eads4214","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ads4214","article-title":"Target antigen-displaying extracellular vesicles boost CAR T cell efficacy in cell and mouse models of neuroblastoma","volume":"17","author":"Giudice","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2024014860","article-title":"CD19.CAR T-cell-derived extracellular vesicles express CAR and kill leukemic cells, contributing to antineoplastic therapy","volume":"9","author":"Lanuti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70310","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70310","article-title":"Heparanase-Loaded CAR T Extracellular Vesicles Remodel the Colorectal Tumour Microenvironment and Boost T Cell Antitumor Immunity","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-22-2220","article-title":"Tumor-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Inhibit the Efficacy of CAR T Cells against Solid Tumors","volume":"83","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123976","article-title":"Self-assembled microparticle hydrogel scaffolds to construct artificial tertiary lymphoids for enhanced CAR-T cell therapy against solid tumors","volume":"329","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.24976\/Discov.Med.202537200.153","article-title":"The role of epitope spreading in CAR T-cell immunotherapy","volume":"37","author":"Maher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(24)00273-4","article-title":"Accelerating and optimising CAR T-cell manufacture to deliver better patient products","volume":"12","author":"Agliardi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2025.101272","article-title":"The landscape of immune monitoring in CAR-T cell therapy: A comprehensive review and survey study by the Cellular Therapy and Immunobiology Working Party of the EBMT","volume":"71","author":"Pagliuca","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4047","article-title":"Scaffolds that mimic antigen-presenting cells enable ex vivo expansion of primary T cells","volume":"36","author":"Cheung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16548","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c19942","article-title":"Lymph-Node Inspired Hydrogels Enhance CAR Expression and Proliferation of CAR T Cells","volume":"17","author":"Domingo","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01245-x","article-title":"Bioinstructive implantable scaffolds for rapid in vivo manufacture and release of CAR-T cells","volume":"40","author":"Agarwalla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.19988","article-title":"mRNA-laden lipid nanoparticle-enabled humanized CD19 CAR-T-cell engineering for the eradication of leukaemic cells","volume":"206","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2304122","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202304122","article-title":"Engineering Efficient CAR-T Cells via Electroactive Nanoinjection","volume":"35","author":"Shokouhi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-021-00781-2","article-title":"Enhanced intratumoural activity of CAR T cells engineered to produce immunomodulators under photothermal control","volume":"5","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2205044","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202205044","article-title":"Nanomodified Switch Induced Precise and Moderate Activation of CAR-T Cells for Solid Tumors","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-00813-z","article-title":"DNA scaffolds enable efficient and tunable functionalization of biomaterials for immune cell modulation","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-023-01084-4","article-title":"Suppression of cytokine release syndrome during CAR-T-cell therapy via a subcutaneously injected interleukin-6-adsorbing hydrogel","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2102363119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2102363119","article-title":"In vivo imaging of nanoparticle-labeled CAR T cells","volume":"119","author":"Kiru","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1039\/D1BM01982A","article-title":"Multifunctional theranostic nanoparticles for multi-modal imaging-guided CAR-T immunotherapy and chemo-photothermal combinational therapy of non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/14737140.2024.2421194","article-title":"Optimising CAR T therapy for the treatment of solid tumors","volume":"25","author":"Mobark","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicenova, P., and Maher, J. (2026). How can we balance risk and benefit of interleukin-18 armored T cell therapies?. Exp. Biol. Med., 251.","DOI":"10.3389\/ebm.2026.10938"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm0594","article-title":"CAR T cells produced in vivo to treat cardiac injury","volume":"375","author":"Rurik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124429","article-title":"Cytokine co-presentation on targeted lipid nanoparticles enhances in vivo T cell engineering","volume":"336","author":"Patel","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124492","article-title":"In vivo engineering of CAR immune cells by nonviral nanoparticles","volume":"336","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6013","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000001375","article-title":"Toxicities of CAR T-cell therapy: A review of current literature","volume":"85","author":"Asghar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-021-02148-6","article-title":"Mechanisms of cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity of CAR T-cell therapy and associated prevention and management strategies","volume":"40","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118399","article-title":"Gold nanoparticle-mediated photothermal therapy: Expanding the frontiers of cancer treatment and theragnostics","volume":"190","author":"Amaral","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., Lu, H., and Lee, R. (2020). Near Infrared Light Triggered Photo\/Immuno-Therapy Toward Cancers. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00488"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2022.03.021","article-title":"Health Care Resource Utilization and Total Costs of Care Among Patients with Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma Treated with Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy in the United States","volume":"28","author":"Keating","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transplant. Cell. Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02476-7","article-title":"Nanoparticle-based strategy in CAR-T cell immunotherapy: Challenges, implications, and perspectives","volume":"24","author":"Shang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Y., Yang, X., Hu, H., Jiang, H., Xiong, W., Mei, H., and Hu, Y. (2023). Elevating the potential of CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors: Exploiting biomaterials-based delivery techniques. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1320807"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2026.05.003","article-title":"In vivo transduction of CAR T cells: Pharmacological principles, delivery platforms, and the road to clinical translation","volume":"106","author":"Gill","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2304615","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202304615","article-title":"Nanomaterials Boost CAR-T Therapy for Solid Tumors","volume":"13","author":"Long","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas-Quintero, J., Diaz, M.P., Palmar, J., Galan-Freyle, N.J., Morillo, V., Escalona, D., Gonzalez-Torres, H.J., Torres, W., Navarro-Quiroz, E., and Rivera-Porras, D. (2024). Car T Cells in Solid Tumors: Overcoming Obstacles. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084170"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114970","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-assisted next-generation biomaterials: From design and preparation to medical applications","volume":"255","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2401299","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202401299","article-title":"CAR T Cell Membrane Camouflaged Nanocatalyst Augments CAR T Cell Therapy Efficacy Against Solid Tumor","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10246","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c20275","article-title":"Chimeric Antigen Receptor Cells Solid Tumor Immunotherapy Assisted by Biomaterials Tools","volume":"17","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103193","article-title":"Global landscape and trends in lifetime risks of haematologic malignancies in 185 countries: Population-based estimates from GLOBOCAN 2022","volume":"83","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/17\/2727\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T04:24:50Z","timestamp":1787631890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/17\/2727"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers18172727"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers18172727","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]}}}