{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T10:20:32Z","timestamp":1789122032313,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Interdepartmental University Center of Research \u201cAdaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)\u201d, Universit\u00e0 di Brescia, Italy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disorder of the oral mucosa recognized as an oral potentially malignant disorder, with a pooled malignant transformation rate of approximately 1\u20131.4% that is highest in atrophic-erosive and tongue lesions. Its most feared outcome, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), remains associated with a 5-year survival below 50% and a substantial clinical, functional, and economic burden. Because conventional management, like topical corticosteroids for OLP and surgery with or without radiotherapy for OSCC, entails cumulative toxicity and limited long-term efficacy, non-pharmacological strategies are attracting growing interest. This narrative review critically appraises the available evidence across the OLP-to-OSCC continuum, examining high-power ablative lasers, low-level laser therapy\/photobiomodulation, photodynamic therapy, nutraceutical and phytotherapeutic agents (including melatonin, curcumin, aloe vera, coconut, zinc, and vitamin D), cryotherapy, ozone therapy, probiotics, and psychological interventions, alongside supportive measures in OSCC such as oral hygiene management, photobiomodulation for treatment-related toxicity, and post-treatment rehabilitation. Evidence is strongest and most consistent for photobiomodulation in OLP, whereas most other modalities remain promising but limited by small samples, heterogeneous protocols, and scarce placebo-controlled data. A multidisciplinary, evidence-graded approach is essential to optimize early detection, disease control, and quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18182949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T09:09:40Z","timestamp":1789117780000},"page":"2949","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Non-Pharmacological Treatments for Oral Carcinogenesis: From Oral Lichen Planus to Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4219-8695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Re","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Universit\u00e0 di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplant, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Universit\u00e0 di Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental University Center of Research \u201cAdaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)\u201d, Universit\u00e0 di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6418-1320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Scilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental University Center of Research \u201cAdaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)\u201d, Universit\u00e0 di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Head and Neck Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, School of Dentistry, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Labanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Universit\u00e0 di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental University Center of Research \u201cAdaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)\u201d, Universit\u00e0 di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Italian Society for the Study of Orofacial Pain (Societ\u00e0 Italiana Studio Dolore Orofacciale\u2014SISDO), 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplant, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Universit\u00e0 di Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8637-2029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gioele","family":"Gioco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head and Neck Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, School of Dentistry, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6895-7106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaia","family":"Favero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Universit\u00e0 di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental University Center of Research \u201cAdaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)\u201d, Universit\u00e0 di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7515-5846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Rezzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Universit\u00e0 di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental University Center of Research \u201cAdaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)\u201d, Universit\u00e0 di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-016-1667-2","article-title":"Oral Lichen Planus: A Literature Review and Update","volume":"308","author":"Alrashdan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. 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