{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:59:42Z","timestamp":1792789182676,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia","award":["3891\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3891\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/2024"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015690","name":"Padjadjaran University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["4299\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4299\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["4299\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4299\/UN6.3.1\/PT.00\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xqf8t64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia","award":["4303\/B3\/DT.03.08\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4303\/B3\/DT.03.08\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/032fbvt27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia","award":["3927\/UN6.RKT\/HK.07.00\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3927\/UN6.RKT\/HK.07.00\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/032fbvt27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["4303\/B3\/DT.03.08\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4303\/B3\/DT.03.08\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/032fbvt27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["3927\/UN6.RKT\/HK.07.00\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3927\/UN6.RKT\/HK.07.00\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/032fbvt27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and common type of brain tumor, characterized by rapid growth and infiltration, as well as high resistance to conventional treatments. Given the persistent challenge posed by the bloodbrain barrier (BBB) to effective drug delivery, a shift in therapeutic strategies is required. Biomimetic nanocarriers (BNCs) represent a promising approach for the targeted treatment of malignant brain tumors. By replicating biological structures and functions, BNCs enhance drug stability, facilitate penetration across the BBB, and promote tumor-specific targeting while minimizing the risk of systemic toxicity. These nanocarriers can be engineered using a wide variety of biomaterials, including cell membranes, liposomes, and polymeric systems. Recent preclinical and early clinical studies suggest that BNCs provide a viable method to increase drug bioavailability and therapeutic activity. However, several translational challenges remain, including formulation stability, immunogenicity, regulatory acceptability, and large-scale manufacturing. This review discusses recent advances in BNCs for GBM treatment, drug-targeting strategies, and the structural hurdles that limit their clinical translation. Furthermore, we examine emerging multimodal approaches that integrate BNCs with immunotherapy and gene therapy to enhance personalized GBM treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18182982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T09:31:57Z","timestamp":1789464717000},"page":"2982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biomimetic Nanocarriers for Glioblastoma Therapy: Translational Advances and Strategic Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Bhawana","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, Siddhachalam Laboratory, Raipur 493221, Chhattisgarh, India"},{"name":"Functional Nano Powder University Center of Excellence (FiNder U CoE), Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21 Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunita","family":"Sanwaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Government Nagarjuna Post Graduate College of Science, Raipur 4920010, Chhattisgarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arti","family":"Hadap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Nano Powder University Center of Excellence (FiNder U CoE), Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21 Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Basic Science and Humanities, Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management and Engineering, SVKM\u2019s Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS) Deemed-to-University, Mumbai 400056, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5949-3418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I Made","family":"Joni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Nano Powder University Center of Excellence (FiNder U CoE), Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21 Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21 Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renny","family":"Febrida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Nano Powder University Center of Excellence (FiNder U CoE), Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21 Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21 Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4995-5054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rovina","family":"Ruslami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21 Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irwan","family":"Purnama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Telkom University, Jl. Telekomunikasi No.1, Citeureup, Dayeuhkolot, Bandung 40257, West Java, Indonesia"},{"name":"National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bandung 40135, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deoraj","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camellia","family":"Panatarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Nano Powder University Center of Excellence (FiNder U CoE), Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21 Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21 Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kanderi, T., Munakomi, S., and Gupta, V. (2025). Glioblastoma Multiforme. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105780","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM): An overview of current therapies and mechanisms of resistance","volume":"171","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4022960","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4022960","article-title":"Genomic and Epigenomic Features of Glioblastoma Multiforme and its Biomarkers","volume":"2022","author":"Jadoon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shikalov, A., Koman, I., and Kogan, N.M. (2024). Targeted Glioma Therapy-Clinical Trials and Future Directions. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16010100"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0818-2","article-title":"Emerging insights of tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance mechanisms in lung cancer targeted therapy","volume":"12","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sushnitha, M., Evangelopoulos, M., Tasciotti, E., and Taraballi, F. (2020). Cell Membrane-Based Biomimetic Nanoparticles and the Immune System: Immunomodulatory Interactions to Therapeutic Applications. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00627"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, M., Cao, R., Yang, Y., Chen, X., Liu, L., Ren, B., Wang, L., and Goh, B.C. (2024). Blood-Brain Barrier Conquest in Glioblastoma Nanomedicine: Strategies, Clinical Advances, and Emerging Challenges. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202409.0186.v1"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Chen, Y., Yang, Y., Yu, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhu, D., Yu, X., Ouyang, X., Xie, Z., and Zhao, Y. (2019). Recent Advances in Nanomaterials-Based Chemo-Photothermal Combination Therapy for Improving Cancer Treatment. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00293"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, S., Muhammad, K., and Waheed, Y. (2023). Emerging Applications of Nanotechnology in Healthcare and Medicine. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28186624"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxnano.2026.100557","article-title":"Nanomedicine for neuroinflammation modulation: Next-generation nano-immunotherapies for neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"10","author":"Dhar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Next Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119631","article-title":"Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs)-engineered PLGA nanocarriers for enhanced drug delivery: Uptake mechanisms, optimization strategies, and therapeutic applications","volume":"201","author":"Rahimzadegan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118921","article-title":"Hijacking migration: CXCL12-functionalized hydrogels as a new frontier in glioblastoma therapy","volume":"194","author":"Khorramdelazad","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2025.115735","article-title":"Polymer-based nanomedicines: Supporting multimodal approaches to glioblastoma multiforme treatment","volume":"228","author":"Atkinson","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tikhonov, A., Kachanov, A., Yudaeva, A., Danilik, O., Ponomareva, N., Karandashov, I., Kostyusheva, A., Zamyatnin, A.A., Parodi, A., and Chulanov, V. (2024). Biomimetic Nanoparticles for Basic Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16101306"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NA00571A","article-title":"Biomimicry in nanotechnology: A comprehensive review","volume":"5","author":"Himel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-024-04153-y","article-title":"Nature-inspired innovations: Unlocking the potential of biomimicry in bionanotechnology and beyond","volume":"19","author":"Paniagua","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Nano"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harun-Ur-Rashid, M., Jahan, I., Foyez, T., and Imran, A.B. (2023). Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials for Micro\/Nanodevices: A New Era in Biomedical Applications. Micromachines, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14091786"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gebeshuber, I.C. (2023). Biomimetic Nanotechnology. Biomimetics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics8010102"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5697","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-022-06903-8","article-title":"Current international research into cellulose as a functional nanomaterial for advanced applications","volume":"57","author":"Eichhorn","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altammar, K.A. (2023). A review on nanoparticles: Characteristics, synthesis, applications, and challenges. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1155622"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-021-00358-0","article-title":"Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery","volume":"6","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, H., Zhang, S., Wang, J., and Chen, Q. (2021). A Review on Polymer and Lipid-Based Nanocarriers and Its Application to Nano-Pharmaceutical and Food-Based Systems. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.783831"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14011629","article-title":"Biopolymer-based nanoparticles for drug\/gene delivery and tissue engineering","volume":"14","author":"Nitta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yau, A., Lee, J., and Chen, Y. (2021). Nanomaterials for Protein Delivery in Anticancer Applications. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13020155"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.09.041","article-title":"Targeting receptor-mediated endocytotic pathways with nanoparticles: Rationale and advances","volume":"65","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S490444","article-title":"How Advanced are Self-Assembled Nanomaterials for Targeted Drug Delivery? A Comprehensive Review of the Literature","volume":"20","author":"Nsairat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, S.K., Angsantikul, P., Pang, Z., Nasongkla, N., Hussen, R.S.D., and Thamphiwatana, S.D. (2022). Biomimetic Targeted Theranostic Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Treatment. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196473"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00631-2","article-title":"Recent progress in targeted delivery vectors based on biomimetic nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01865-0","article-title":"Progressing nanotechnology to improve targeted cancer treatment: Overcoming hurdles in its clinical implementation","volume":"22","author":"Chehelgerdi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-024-06104-1","article-title":"Biomimetic nanoparticle-driven strategies for targeted drug delivery in glioblastoma","volume":"26","author":"Panchal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10004","article-title":"Biomimetic strategies for targeted nanoparticle delivery","volume":"1","author":"Dehaini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellotti, E., Cascone, M.G., Barbani, N., Rossin, D., Rastaldo, R., Giachino, C., and Cristallini, C. (2021). Targeting Cancer Cells Overexpressing Folate Receptors with New Terpolymer-Based Nanocapsules: Toward a Novel Targeted DNA Delivery System for Cancer Therapy. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9091275"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wee, P., and Wang, Z. (2017). Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Cell Proliferation Signaling Pathways. Cancers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers9050052"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desai, N., Rana, D., Salave, S., Benival, D., Khunt, D., and Prajapati, B.G. (2024). Achieving Endo\/Lysosomal Escape Using Smart Nanosystems for Efficient Cellular Delivery. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29133131"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beh, C.Y., Prajnamitra, R.P., Chen, L.L., and Hsieh, P.C. (2021). Advances in Biomimetic Nanoparticles for Targeted Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26165052"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raju, R., Abuwatfa, W.H., Pitt, W.G., and Husseini, G.A. (2023). Liposomes for the Treatment of Brain Cancer-A Review. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16081056"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2018.1455841","article-title":"RGD peptide-based non-viral gene delivery vectors targeting integrin \u03b1v\u03b23 for cancer therapy","volume":"27","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14768","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14768","article-title":"Brigatinib combined with anti-EGFR antibody overcomes osimertinib resistance in EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"8","author":"Uchibori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8300","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA10048H","article-title":"Folic acid-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles integrating fluorouracil-derived carbon dots and porphyrin for targeted breast cancer chemo-photodynamic therapy","volume":"16","author":"Serag","year":"2026","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-2020-0106","article-title":"The N-glycans of lactoferrin: More than just a sweet decoration","volume":"99","author":"Zlatina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17590914231170703","DOI":"10.1177\/17590914231170703","article-title":"Transferrin Enhances Neuronal Differentiation","volume":"15","author":"Carden","year":"2023","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200800382","article-title":"Carbon-nanotube-resonator-based biosensors","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8072","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b01187","article-title":"Quantification of Exosome Based on a Copper-Mediated Signal Amplification Strategy","volume":"90","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2018.1473409","article-title":"cRGD functionalised nanocarriers for targeted delivery of bioactives","volume":"27","author":"Gajbhiye","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.08.007","article-title":"Broad-acting therapeutic effects of miR-29b-chitosan on hypertension and diabetic complications","volume":"30","author":"Jensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.05.355","article-title":"First-line atezolizumab plus nab-paclitaxel for unresectable, locally advanced, or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: IMpassion130 final overall survival analysis","volume":"32","author":"Emens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.03.077","article-title":"TGF-\u03b23-loaded graphene oxide\u2014Self-assembling peptide hybrid hydrogels as functional 3D scaffolds for the regeneration of the nucleus pulposus","volume":"127","author":"Ligorio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4288","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.3c00263","article-title":"Angiopep-2 Grafted PAMAM Dendrimers for the Targeted Delivery of Temozolomide: In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of PEGylation in the Management of Glioblastoma Multiforme","volume":"9","author":"Sahoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202000727","article-title":"Site-Specific Antibody Fragment Conjugates for Reversible Staining in Fluorescence Microscopy","volume":"22","author":"Schwach","year":"2021","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmac039","article-title":"The impact of vincristine on testicular development and function in childhood cancer","volume":"29","author":"Clark","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12471","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00377","article-title":"Aptamer-Protein Interactions: From Regulation to Biomolecular Detection","volume":"123","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666200401085634","article-title":"Focus on the Use of Resveratrol as an Adjuvant in Glioblastoma Therapy","volume":"26","author":"Dionigi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.4155\/tde-2021-0038","article-title":"Targeted delivery of doxorubicin through CD44 aptamer to cancer cells","volume":"12","author":"Natesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Deliv."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yalamarty, S.S.K., Filipczak, N., Li, X., Subhan, M.A., Parveen, F., Ataide, J.A., Rajmalani, B.A., and Torchilin, V.P. (2023). Mechanisms of Resistance and Current Treatment Options for Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM). Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15072116"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hersh, A.M., Alomari, S., and Tyler, B.M. (2022). Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier: Advances in Nanoparticle Technology for Drug Delivery in Neuro-Oncology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084153"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8702","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04015-9","article-title":"Receptor-Assisted Nanotherapeutics for Overcoming the Blood-Brain Barrier","volume":"61","author":"Mhaske","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ejigah, V., Owoseni, O., Bataille-Backer, P., Ogundipe, O.D., Fisusi, F.A., and Adesina, S.K. (2022). Approaches to Improve Macromolecule and Nanoparticle Accumulation in the Tumor Microenvironment by the Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14132601"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01536-y","article-title":"Nanomedicine in cancer therapy","volume":"8","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allami, P., Heidari, A., and Rezaei, N. (2023). The role of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles as a novel treatment approach in glioblastoma. Front. Mol. Biosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.1083645"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.0023","article-title":"Glioblastoma and Other Primary Brain Malignancies in Adults: A Review","volume":"329","author":"Schaff","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23746","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c07555","article-title":"Biomimetic Macrophage Membrane-Camouflaged Nanoparticles Induce Ferroptosis by Promoting Mitochondrial Damage in Glioblastoma","volume":"17","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2022.12.009","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-based multi-omics analysis fuels cancer precision medicine","volume":"88","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120483","article-title":"Carbon nitride-based nanocaptor: An intelligent nanosystem with metal ions chelating effect for enhanced magnetic targeting phototherapy of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"267","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10483","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10483","article-title":"Biomimetic nanotherapeutics for targeted drug delivery to glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"8","author":"Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2024.03.006","article-title":"On- and off-target effects of paired CRISPR-Cas nickase in primary human cells","volume":"32","author":"Klermund","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-3429-5_14","article-title":"Measurement of Blood-Brain Barrier Hyperpermeability Using Evans Blue Extravasation Assay","volume":"2711","author":"Waithe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003937","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202003937","article-title":"Development of Polymeric Nanoparticles for Blood-Brain Barrier Transfer-Strategies and Challenges","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2023.2200246","article-title":"Nanotechnology-enabled gene delivery for cancer and other genetic diseases","volume":"20","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganguly, S., and Margel, S. (2023). Bioimaging Probes Based on Magneto-Fluorescent Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020686"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01668-1","article-title":"Multifunctional nanoparticle-mediated combining therapy for human diseases","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2022.02.012","article-title":"Checkpoint: Inspecting the barriers in glioblastoma immunotherapies","volume":"86","author":"Preddy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2022.0231","article-title":"Current cancer burden in China: Epidemiology, etiology, and prevention","volume":"19","author":"Maomao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.2.517","article-title":"PLGA-based nanoparticles as cancer drug delivery systems","volume":"15","author":"Akbarzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2013.10.011","article-title":"Novel methods for liposome preparation","volume":"177","author":"Patil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c04294","article-title":"Multifunctional Switch Based on Spin-Labeled Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"22","author":"Lloveras","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12649","DOI":"10.1039\/D4DT01534G","article-title":"Mesoporous silica-supported platinum nanocatalysts for colorimetric detection of glucose, cholesterol, and C-reactive protein","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.2c00063","article-title":"Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-block-Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block-Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) Triblock Copolymer Polymersomes for Delivery of PARP1 siRNA to Breast Cancers","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2020.108485","article-title":"Aptamer-conjugated PLGA nanoparticles for delivery and imaging of cancer therapeutic drugs","volume":"691","author":"Hashemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1039\/D1LC00812A","article-title":"Microfluidic technologies for nanoparticle formation","volume":"22","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D665","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1052","article-title":"NP-MRD: The Natural Products Magnetic Resonance Database","volume":"50","author":"Wishart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1021\/ar200090c","article-title":"Monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles for theranostic applications","volume":"44","author":"Ho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2174\/2211738505666161230110108","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic Consequences of PLGA Nanoparticles in Docetaxel Drug Delivery","volume":"5","author":"Rafiei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2022.2105103","article-title":"Nanofabrication of PLGA-PEG-chitosan-folic acid systems for delivery of colchicine to HT-29 cancer cells","volume":"34","author":"Sadeghzadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.04.041","article-title":"Covax-19\/Spikogen\u00ae vaccine based on recombinant spike protein extracellular domain with Advax-CpG55.2 adjuvant provides single dose protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4080","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TB02937K","article-title":"A RBC membrane-camouflaged biomimetic nanoplatform for enhanced chemo-photothermal therapy of cervical cancer","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4141","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2021.1904495","article-title":"Platelet autophagic machinery involved in thrombosis through a novel linkage of AMPK-MTOR to sphingolipid metabolism","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2018.09.030","article-title":"Carcinogenic epithelial-mesenchymal transition initiated by oral cancer exosomes is inhibited by anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab","volume":"86","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.04.044","article-title":"Lipid-based nanoparticles with high binding affinity for amyloid-beta1-42 peptide","volume":"31","author":"Gobbi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2021.05.013","article-title":"Engineering the bilayer: Emerging genetic tool kits for mechanistic lipid biology","volume":"65","author":"Moore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11815","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c10034","article-title":"Signature Effects of Vector-Guided Systemic Nano Bioconjugate Delivery Across Blood-Brain Barrier of Normal, Alzheimer\u2019s, and Tumor Mouse Models","volume":"16","author":"Israel","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2021.08.001","article-title":"High-resolution structure of the membrane-embedded skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor","volume":"30","author":"Melville","year":"2022","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-021-00730-1","article-title":"The exosome journey: From biogenesis to uptake and intracellular signalling","volume":"19","author":"Gurung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2017.1344334","article-title":"Dual-modified liposome codelivery of doxorubicin and vincristine improve targeting and therapeutic efficacy of glioma","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8727","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c05848","article-title":"Transferrin: Biology and Use in Receptor-Targeted Nanotherapy of Gliomas","volume":"6","author":"Koneru","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K. (2025). Innovative nanoparticle-based therapeutic strategies against glioblastoma multiform: A focus on enhanced delivery systems and efficacy. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1601673"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartusik-Aebisher, D., Rog\u00f3\u017c, K., and Aebisher, D. (2025). Nanoparticles for Glioblastoma Treatment. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17060688"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.2674","article-title":"Impact of particle size and light exposure on the effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"33","author":"Angelstorf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/00365513.2019.1633686","article-title":"In vitro stability of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in plasma stored under different conditions when measured with the Lumipulse\u00ae assay","volume":"79","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-023-05690-w","article-title":"Structural parameters of nanoparticles affecting their toxicity for biomedical applications: A review","volume":"25","author":"Abbasi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-100322-112249","article-title":"Circadian Rhythms and Astrocytes: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly","volume":"46","author":"Hastings","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashim, M., Mujahid, H., Hassan, S., Bukhari, S., Anjum, I., Hano, C., Abbasi, B.H., and Anjum, S. (2022). Implication of Nanoparticles to Combat Chronic Liver and Kidney Diseases: Progress and Perspectives. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12101337"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearson, J.R.D., Cuzzubbo, S., McArthur, S., Durrant, L.G., Adhikaree, J., Tinsley, C.J., Pockley, A.G., and McArdle, S.E.B. (2020). Immune Escape in Glioblastoma Multiforme and the Adaptation of Immunotherapies for Treatment. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.582106"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, W., Tao, Z., Zhu, B., Zhang, W., Liu, C., Chen, S., and Song, M. (2021). Targeted Delivery of Drugs and Genes Using Polymer Nanocarriers for Cancer Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179118"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, K.K. (2018). A Critical Overview of Targeted Therapies for Glioblastoma. Front. Oncol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00419"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2022.13632","article-title":"Molecular targeted therapy: A new avenue in glioblastoma treatment","volume":"25","author":"Naser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizvanov, A.A., Singh, B.K., and Ganasala, P. (2021). Anti-hyperlipidemic and Antioxidant Activities of a Combination of Terminalia arjuna and Commiphora mukul on Experimental Animals. Advances in Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Springer. Lecture Notes in Bioengineering.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-6329-4"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.125106","article-title":"Recent trends in the treatment of vitiligo using novel drug delivery system","volume":"670","author":"Sahu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4965","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-025-01906-8","article-title":"Recent advances in the therapeutics and modes of action of a range of agents used to treat ulcerative colitis and related inflammatory conditions","volume":"33","author":"Patel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.2174\/0115680096312603240709112520","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Novel Pathways in Cancer Treatment: Clinical Applications and Future Prospects","volume":"25","author":"Shifana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Cancer Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.2174\/0115733947318171240802100419","article-title":"Recent Advancement and Novel Treatment Strategies for Breast Fibroadenoma: Clinical Approach and Prospects","volume":"21","author":"Sahu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Cancer Ther. Rev."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/18\/2982\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:23:19Z","timestamp":1789618999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/18\/2982"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers18182982"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers18182982","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}}}