{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T09:06:14Z","timestamp":1789549574546,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive asbestos-associated cancer in which inflammatory pathways may contribute to tumor behavior. NF-\u03baB signaling is a central mediator of inflammation and cell survival, but the relative contributions of its associated enzymes, IKK\u03b1- and IKK\u03b2, in MPM models remain incompletely understood. Methods: We characterized the involvement of IKK\u03b1- and IKK\u03b2 in tumor formation using several in vitro approaches and the intrapleural or subcutaneous delivery of three murine MPM cell models (AB2, AE17 and KPM1). The experimental approaches included shRNA silencing of Chuk and Ikbkb\u2014the genes encoding the activity of IKK\u03b1- and IKK\u03b2\u2014and tumor growth, apoptosis and colony formation measurements. Exploratory pathway and transcriptional analyses were carried out following RNA-sequencing of our murine cell lines and a publicly available human gene expression dataset was also analyzed to provide complementary evidence. Results: Activation of the IKK\u03b1- and IKK\u03b2 was confirmed in the AB2, AE17 and KPM1 cell lines. Silencing both Chuk and Ikbkb decreased target and cross-target transcripts and metabolic growth. Importantly, Chuk silencing was associated with increased early apoptotic staining in AE17 and KPM1 cells, increased late apoptotic staining in AE17 cells and reduced colony formation in all cell models. Furthermore, Chuk-associated effects on tumor burden and activity were more notable than Ikbkb-associated effects in both intrapleural and subcutaneous tumor formation parameters. Finally, while canonical NF-\u03baB gene-set clustering in both human and murine tumor samples identified specific and shared pathways and transcriptional profiles supporting the in vitro murine assay findings, the analyses remained exploratory and did not specifically establish target dependency. Conclusions: Our data support the involvement of IKK\/NF-\u03baB-associated signaling in cell survival, clonogenicity and tumor growth in several MPM murine cell models and identify Chuk-related signaling as a promising target in future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18182990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:58:59Z","timestamp":1789545539000},"page":"2990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nuclear Factor-\u03baB Signaling in Murine Models of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1969-757X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benteng","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Medicine V, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Giopanou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Achaia, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1776-6056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lori","family":"Asarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Lilis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Achaia, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jianlong","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Lianou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Achaia, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Simoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Achaia, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2299-6027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giannoula","family":"Ntaliarda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Achaia, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Tonia A.","family":"Adamide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Nicosia General Hospital, Strovolos 2031, Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Isis E.","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Medicine V, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9215-6461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios T.","family":"Stathopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Medicine V, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany"},{"name":"Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Achaia, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Nicosia General Hospital, Strovolos 2031, Nicosia, Cyprus"},{"name":"Medical School, University of Cyprus, Aglantzia 2029, Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-2259","article-title":"Molecular Pathways: Targeting Mechanisms of Asbestos and Erionite Carcinogenesis in Mesothelioma","volume":"18","author":"Carbone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22724","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma: Facts, Myths, and Hypotheses","volume":"227","author":"Carbone","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108878","article-title":"Global Patterns and Trends in Mesothelioma Incidence: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"211","author":"Fu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-24-02425","article-title":"Treatment of Pleural Mesothelioma: ASCO Guideline Update","volume":"43","author":"Kindler","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32714-8","article-title":"First-Line Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab in Unresectable Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (CheckMate 743): A Multicentre, Randomised, Open-Label, Phase 3 Trial","volume":"397","author":"Baas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-25-01328","article-title":"Five-Year Clinical Outcomes with Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab Versus Chemotherapy as First-Line Treatment for Unresectable Pleural Mesothelioma in CheckMate 743","volume":"44","author":"Scherpereel","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2015.09.086","article-title":"What Is the Best Approach for Surgery of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma? It Is to Put Our Efforts into Obtaining Trustworthy Evidence for Practice","volume":"151","author":"Treasure","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"79","article-title":"Treatment of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: Current Status and Future Directions","volume":"73","author":"Dhalluin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"C23","article-title":"Guidelines of the European Respiratory Society and the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons for the management of malignant pleural mesothelioma","volume":"13","author":"Scherpereel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3520","article-title":"Comprehensive Genomic Analysis of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Identifies Recurrent Mutations, Gene Fusions and Splicing Alterations","volume":"48","author":"Bueno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-0804","article-title":"Integrative Molecular Characterization of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma","volume":"8","author":"Hmeljak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-24-3822","article-title":"Pharmacogenomic Characterization of a Large Cohort of Patient-Derived Cell Lines Identifies Therapeutic Strategies for Pleural Mesothelioma","volume":"86","author":"Meiller","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01321-1","article-title":"Multiomic Analysis of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Identifies Molecular Axes and Specialized Tumor Profiles Driving Intertumor Heterogeneity","volume":"55","author":"Mangiante","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-1172","article-title":"Comprehensive Pharmacogenomic Profiling of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Identifies a Subgroup Sensitive to FGFR Inhibition","volume":"24","author":"Badhai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1517\/14728220903431069","article-title":"The NF-kappaB Activation Pathways, Emerging Molecular Targets for Cancer Prevention and Therapy","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giopanou, I., Lilis, I., Papaleonidopoulos, V., Marazioti, A., Spella, M., Vreka, M., Papadaki, H., and Stathopoulos, G.T. (2015). Comprehensive Evaluation of Nuclear Factor-kappaBeta Expression Patterns in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132527"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7819-11-288","article-title":"Prognostic Significance of XIAP and NF-kappaB Expression in Esophageal Carcinoma with Postoperative Radiotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, S.M., Lyu, Y.L., and Cai, L. (2014). NF-kappaB Affects Proliferation and Invasiveness of Breast Cancer Cells by Regulating CD44 Expression. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106966"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s44466-025-00014-0","article-title":"NF-\u03baB: Master Regulator of Cellular Responses in Health and Disease","volume":"1","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/45.1.7","article-title":"New Insights into the Role of Nuclear Factor-kappaB, a Ubiquitous Transcription Factor in the Initiation of Diseases","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6706","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209933","article-title":"Transcriptional Regulation via the NF-kappaB Signaling Module","volume":"25","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-026-02882-4","article-title":"The Roles of IKK\u03b1 in Normal Physiology and Cancer","volume":"24","author":"Besta","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tegowski, M., and Baldwin, A. (2018). Noncanonical NF-\u03baB in Cancer. Biomedicines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines6020066"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4181","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.85158","article-title":"I\u03baB Kinase \u03b2 (IKK\u03b2): Structure, Transduction Mechanism, Biological Function, and Discovery of Its Inhibitors","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30736","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.46.30736","article-title":"Recombinant I\u03baB Kinases \u03b1 and \u03b2 Are Direct Kinases of I\u03baB\u03b1","volume":"273","author":"Li","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2011.0107","article-title":"I\u03baB Kinase Alpha and Cancer","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240375","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.240375","article-title":"Double Trouble: Cytosolic and Nuclear IKK\u03b1 in Cancer","volume":"15","author":"Tinto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10397","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604008103","article-title":"TNF-Alpha Inhibits Asbestos-Induced Cytotoxicity via a NF-kappaB-Dependent Pathway, a Possible Mechanism for Asbestos-Induced Oncogenesis","volume":"103","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comar, M., Zanotta, N., Bonotti, A., Tognon, M., Negro, C., Cristaudo, A., and Bovenzi, M. (2014). Increased Levels of C-C Chemokine RANTES in Asbestos Exposed Workers and in Malignant Mesothelioma Patients from an Hyperendemic Area. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104848"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14794-0","article-title":"Mesothelin-Family Proteins and Diagnosis of Mesothelioma","volume":"362","author":"Robinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.943001","article-title":"Analysis of Lung Tumor Initiation and Progression Using Conditional Expression of Oncogenic K-Ras","volume":"15","author":"Jackson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.14.8.994","article-title":"Induction of Medulloblastomas in P53-Null Mutant Mice by Somatic Inactivation of Rb in the External Granular Layer Cells of the Cerebellum","volume":"14","author":"Marino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5051","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.10.5051","article-title":"IL-2 Intratumoral Immunotherapy Enhances CD8+ T Cells That Mediate Destruction of Tumor Cells and Tumor-Associated Vasculature: A Novel Mechanism for IL-2","volume":"171","author":"Jackaman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13631","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202013631","article-title":"KRAS Signaling in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma","volume":"14","author":"Marazioti","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1256528","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2016.1256528","article-title":"Tumor-Derived Osteopontin Isoforms Cooperate with TRP53 and CCL2 to Promote Lung Metastasis","volume":"6","author":"Giopanou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201606978","article-title":"NRAS Destines Tumor Cells to the Lungs","volume":"9","author":"Giannou","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45571","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.45571","article-title":"Club Cells Form Lung Adenocarcinomas and Maintain the Alveoli of Adult Mice","volume":"8","author":"Spella","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03051-z","article-title":"Myeloid-Derived Interleukin-1\u03b2 Drives Oncogenic KRAS-NF-\u03ba\u0392 Addiction in Malignant Pleural Effusion","volume":"9","author":"Marazioti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394CT Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv007","article-title":"Limma Powers Differential Expression Analyses for RNA-Sequencing and Microarray Studies","volume":"43","author":"Ritchie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4288","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks042","article-title":"Differential Expression Analysis of Multifactor RNA-Seq Experiments with Respect to Biological Variation","volume":"40","author":"McCarthy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/30.1.207","article-title":"Gene Expression Omnibus: NCBI Gene Expression and Hybridization Array Data Repository","volume":"30","author":"Edgar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2009.06.017","article-title":"Polarization of Tumor-Associated Neutrophil Phenotype by TGF-Beta: \u201cN1\u201d versus \u201cN2\u201d TAN","volume":"16","author":"Fridlender","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15205","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15205","article-title":"Mutant KRAS Promotes Malignant Pleural Effusion Formation","volume":"8","author":"Agalioti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: An Open-Source Platform for Biological-Image Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdu127","article-title":"Expression Profiling Stratifies Mesothelioma Tumors and Signifies Deregulation of Spindle Checkpoint Pathway and Microtubule Network with Therapeutic Implications","volume":"25","author":"Suraokar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D674","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn653","article-title":"PID: The Pathway Interaction Database","volume":"37","author":"Schaefer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12637","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.3703","article-title":"A STAT3-NFkB\/DDIT3\/CEBP\u03b2 Axis Modulates ALDH1A3 Expression in Chemoresistant Cell Subpopulations","volume":"6","author":"Canino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27611","article-title":"SOCS-1 Gene Delivery Cooperates with Cisplatin plus Pemetrexed to Exhibit Preclinical Antitumor Activity against Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma","volume":"132","author":"Iwahori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2010.643","article-title":"Onconase Mediated NFK\u03b2 Downregulation in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma","volume":"30","author":"Goparaju","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-08-3247","article-title":"A Novel NF-kappaB Inhibitor, IMD-0354, Suppresses Neoplastic Proliferation of Human Mast Cells with Constitutively Activated c-Kit Receptors","volume":"105","author":"Tanaka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2010.03.017","article-title":"A Novel NF-\u03baB Inhibitor Improves Glucocorticoid Sensitivity of Canine Neoplastic Lymphoid Cells by up-Regulating Expression of Glucocorticoid Receptors","volume":"89","author":"Matsuda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17977-9","article-title":"Proteasome Stress Sensitizes Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Cells to Bortezomib-Induced Apoptosis","volume":"7","author":"Cerruti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.202","article-title":"A Molecular Targeting against Nuclear Factor-\u03baB, as a Chemotherapeutic Approach for Human Malignant Mesothelioma","volume":"3","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Med."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/18\/2990\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T08:19:09Z","timestamp":1789546749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/18\/2990"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers18182990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers18182990","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]}}}