{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:59:43Z","timestamp":1792789183377,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cabildo de Gran Canaria","award":["CGC\/2025\/12551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGC\/2025\/12551"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01qbjjs27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["CGC\/2025\/12551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGC\/2025\/12551"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01qbjjs27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Feline mammary carcinoma (FMC) is an aggressive neoplasm in cats and has attracted interest in comparative oncology because selected clinicopathological and molecular features overlap with human breast cancer. Methods: This integrative review synthesized literature was identified in PubMed\/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science from database inception to 30 March 2026, focusing on epidemiology, pathology, biomarkers, tumor microenvironment, omics, therapy, and comparative oncology. Feline-derived evidence was distinguished from the human breast cancer literature, and findings were synthesized qualitatively because of substantial methodological and clinical heterogeneity. Results: FMC shows recurrent associations with aggressive histological features, hormone receptor-negative phenotypes, HER2-related signaling, immune checkpoint pathways, and emerging molecular and liquid-biopsy biomarkers. However, differences in molecular classification, methodology, treatment, cohort size, and clinical validation limit direct cross-species inference. Conclusions: FMC may serve as a complementary, question-specific comparative oncology system for studying selected aspects of aggressive mammary tumor biology, metastasis, tumor\u2013host interactions, biomarkers, and therapeutic response. Its translational relevance remains hypothesis-generating and requires standardized methods and independent clinical validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18183051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:50:03Z","timestamp":1789995003000},"page":"3051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feline Mammary Carcinoma as a Comparative Model of Human Breast Cancer: An Integrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6076-9610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen G.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Santana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35400 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negr\u00edn, 35010 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Canarias (IISC), 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad del Atl\u00e1ntico Medio, Ctra. de Quilmes, 37, Tafira Baja, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sara E.","family":"Cazorla-Rivero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35400 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad del Atl\u00e1ntico Medio, Ctra. de Quilmes, 37, Tafira Baja, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Henr\u00edquez-Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35400 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negr\u00edn, 35010 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2522-1064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardino","family":"Clavo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negr\u00edn, 35010 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Canarias (IISC), 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud P\u00fablica de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, 38296 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Chronic Pain Unit, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negr\u00edn, 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negr\u00edn, 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"Molecular and Translational Pharmacology Group, University Institute for Research in Biomedicine and Health (iUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Group of Clinical Research in Radiation Oncology (GICOR), 28290 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1663-3673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Esparrag\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35400 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negr\u00edn, 35010 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"307","article-title":"Survey of animal neoplasms in Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, California. 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