{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T09:06:01Z","timestamp":1790154361344,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"French national research agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-23-IAHU-0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-23-IAHU-0007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["ANR-23-IAHU-0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-23-IAHU-0007"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rbzpz17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) measurement has emerged as a critical biomarker in breast cancer management, being considered as having strong prognostic and predictive values, particularly in triple-negative cases where the clinical interest of TILs determination is clearly established. The central aim of this viewpoint article is to delineate interesting new avenues for enlarging TILs\u2019 clinical usefulness in breast cancer. First, the advent of computational methods, including artificial intelligence (AI), represents a major shift toward improving TILs assessment, potentially reducing inter-observer variability and enabling reproducible scoring across institutions. Secondly, integrating emerging immunological tumoral markers like TLS (tertiary lymphoid structures) and CRATERs (CD8+ T cell structures) with TILs could further improve treatment outcome prediction. Thirdly, TIL levels may be modulated through the optimized use of chemotherapy, anti-angiogenic agents, and cancer vaccines. More knowledge continues to be gained regarding factors influencing TIL levels, including parity and breastfeeding, exposure to infection, metabolic stress, and environmental factors that contribute to immune fitness across the lifespan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18193085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:14:39Z","timestamp":1790151279000},"page":"3085","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["TILs in Breast Cancer: Paving New Ways Beyond Their Prognostic and Predictive Values"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Ferrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Antoine Lacassagne Center, University C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 33 Avenue de Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0928-5623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lo\u00efc","family":"Trapani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cytopathology and Anatomopathology, Antoine Lacassagne Center, University C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 33 Avenue de Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3553-1579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rym","family":"Bouriga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Park Imperial Hospital, 28 Boulevard du Tzarewitch, 06000 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1025-3429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baharia","family":"Mograbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research on Ageing and Cancer, Nice (IRCAN), F\u00e9d\u00e9rations Hospitalo-Universitaires (FHU) OncoAge, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 7284, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM) U1081, University C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 28 Avenue Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France"},{"name":"Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) RespirERA, University C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 27 Rue du Professeur Delvalle, 06000 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1802-118X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jocelyn","family":"Gal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) RespirERA, University C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 27 Rue du Professeur Delvalle, 06000 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9rard","family":"Milano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antoine Lacassagne Center, University C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 33 Avenue de Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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