{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T09:49:07Z","timestamp":1791452947371,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Patients with high-grade glioma (HGG) have a poor prognosis despite maximal safe resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, partly because of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Unfortunately, all phase III trials of anti-PD-1 therapy to date have failed to yield positive results in HGGs. Recent early-phase trials have identified promising strategies involving immune checkpoint inhibitors. Here, we share our 8-year experience with anti-PD-1 therapy in patients with HGG in a real-world setting. Methods: All patients with HGG who received PD-1 inhibitor-based therapy at our center between 2018 and 2026 were included. Medical records were reviewed longitudinally for each patient, and the latest follow-up data were collected. Patients lost to follow-up were excluded. Results: Four regimens involving anti-PD-1 treatment were identified in 22 patients with HGG (newly diagnosed = 11, recurrent = 11): (1) VEGFR-targeted therapy plus PD-1 inhibition (9 recurrent HGGs), (2) the \u201c2-THE-TOP\u201d regimen (tumor-treating fields plus temozolomide and PD-1 inhibitor therapy) (5 newly diagnosed HGGs), (3) anti-PD-1 monotherapy (2 recurrent and 2 newly diagnosed HGGs), and (4) neoadjuvant plus adjuvant anti-PD-1 therapy (4 newly diagnosed HGGs). Median overall survival for these four regimens was 32.7, 20.3, 28.6, and 31.8 months, respectively. No grade 3\u20134 treatment-related adverse events were recorded. Conclusions: Our preliminary observations suggest that PD-1 blockade may remain a viable option for patients with HGG when combined with specific therapies, administered with careful timing, and applied in selected patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18193122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T10:00:34Z","timestamp":1790589634000},"page":"3122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Real-World Application of PD-1 Inhibitors in High-Grade Glioma: A Case Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yin","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4183-5560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaopeng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xiaoman","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Tingyu","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Bohan","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Wenbin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7175-4649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaf194","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2018\u20132022","volume":"27","author":"Price","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01054-1","article-title":"Primary brain tumours in 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