{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T08:53:27Z","timestamp":1791881607205,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SVKM\u2019s NMIMS seed grant","award":["IO403340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IO403340"]}]},{"name":"Junior Research Fellowship from SVKM\u2019s NMIMS"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive and molecularly diverse subtype of breast cancer characterized by the absence of estrogen, progesterone, and human epithelial growth factor receptors. Despite advancements in therapeutic interventions, TNBC continues to remain associated with high metastatic potential, high likelihood of recurrence, and importantly, poor prognosis. Therefore, validated prognostic biomarkers are needed that can facilitate accurate prognostic assessment, drive treatment options, and lead to better clinical outcomes. This comprehensive review aims to provide a detailed overview of established and emerging prognostic biomarkers in TNBC, highlighting their biological relevance, clinical utility, and translational potential. We initially focus on the different classes of individual prognostic biomarkers and their limitations as far as prognostic stratification is concerned. We then move toward the development of multi-marker panels, further taking into account the critical factors limiting their clinical implementation. Development of standardized, clinically validated, and cost-effective multi-marker prognostic frameworks that can integrate the different aspects of tumor biology is the need of the hour. Such comprehensive approaches are expected to enhance prognostication and thereby improve outcomes in TNBC patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18193181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T10:14:56Z","timestamp":1790936096000},"page":"3181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prognostic Markers in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4446-8240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ishaan","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia of School of Science, SVKM\u2019s NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai 400056, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srushti","family":"Naik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia of School of Science, SVKM\u2019s NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai 400056, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7678-9472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Arfuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3787-5647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudha","family":"Warrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences, Atria University, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India"},{"name":"Cuor Stem Cellutions Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore 562107, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6715-6005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arun","family":"Dharmarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, WA 6102, Australia"},{"name":"Trichy SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Trichy 621105, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6245-9640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonal M.","family":"Manohar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia of School of Science, SVKM\u2019s NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai 400056, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-024-07264-3","article-title":"Burden of Female Breast Cancer in India: Estimates of YLDs, YLLs, and DALYs at National and Subnational Levels Based on the National Cancer Registry Programme","volume":"205","author":"Kulothungan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. 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