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Institute","award":["75N92021D00005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N92021D00005"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012pb6c26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["75N92021D00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N92021D00001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012pb6c26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["75N92021D00002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N92021D00002"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012pb6c26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["75N92021D00003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N92021D00003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012pb6c26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["75N92021D00004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N92021D00004"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012pb6c26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["75N92021D00005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N92021D00005"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012pb6c26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Processed meat and unprocessed red meat are considered carcinogenic and \u2018probably carcinogenic\u2019 to humans, respectively, but findings for bladder cancer remain inconsistent. Objectives: We assessed associations between processed meat and unprocessed red meat intake and bladder cancer risk using data from the Pooling Project of Prospective Studies of Diet and Cancer. Methods: Associations with bladder cancer risk were assessed using individual-level data from 30 cohort studies from North America, Europe, Australia and Asia. Diet was assessed at enrolment using validated food frequency questionnaires or diet histories. Following a pre-specified analysis plan, study- and sex-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox regression, adjusted for smoking status and duration and other potential confounders, and pooled using inverse-variance-weighted random-effects meta-analysis. Results: During median follow-up across cohorts of 8\u201329 years, among 2,575,971 participants, 20,780 were diagnosed with bladder cancer. Processed meat intake was associated with increased bladder cancer risk (HR comparing \u226540 with &lt;5 g\/day = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.02\u20131.15; HR per 20 g\/day = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00\u20131.03). Weaker evidence of association with increased risk was also observed for unprocessed red meat (HR comparing \u2265100 with &lt;20 g\/day = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.00\u20131.13; HR per 50 g\/day = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.99\u20131.03). There was no evidence of heterogeneity by study, sex, or region. Conclusions: Higher intakes of processed meat and unprocessed red meat were associated with a small increase in risk of bladder cancer. These findings are consistent with existing public health recommendations to limit consumption of red and processed meat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18193203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:02:27Z","timestamp":1791194547000},"page":"3203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Consumption of Processed Meat and Unprocessed Red Meat and Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of 30 Cohort Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9111-7020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5587-9540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Afshar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5464-2197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison M.","family":"Hodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harindra","family":"Jayasekara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Koutros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piet A.","family":"van den Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7387-6845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Wolk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. 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