{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:59:47Z","timestamp":1791197987771,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cutaneous sebaceous neoplasms are rare adnexal tumours differentiated towards sebaceous glands, spanning a biological spectrum from benign (sebaceous adenoma, sebaceoma, nevus sebaceus) to outright malignant (sebaceous carcinoma). Most tumours are sporadic and solitary, with a predilection for the head and neck of elderly adults, but a clinically important subset is observed in the setting of Lynch syndrome\/Muir\u2013Torre syndrome. Recent large-scale genomic and transcriptomic studies have provided insights into the pathogenesis of these unique neoplasms, revealing a genetically heterogeneous landscape shaped by mismatch repair deficiency, UV damage, and abnormalities in several other key signalling pathways. The inclusion of nevus sebaceus within the sebaceous tumour family in the WHO 5th Edition of Skin Tumours reflects a conceptual shift, recognising nevus sebaceus as a clonal, mutation-driven neoplasm and a precursor lesion for secondary tumour development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18193209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:02:27Z","timestamp":1791194547000},"page":"3209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cutaneous Neoplasms with Sebaceous Differentiation: A Comprehensive Update on Clinical, Histopathological and Molecular Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Katharina","family":"Wiedemeyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4321-5250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Clinique Universitaire Saint-Luc, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Somatic Functional Genomics and Cancer, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9490-0306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Somatic Functional Genomics and Cancer, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Brenn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/his.15562","article-title":"Who classification of skin tumours: Key updates in the fifth edition","volume":"88","author":"Barnhill","year":"2026","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.13828","article-title":"Cutaneous sebaceous tumours and lynch syndrome: Long-term follow-up of 60 patients","volume":"44","author":"Marcoval","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12209","article-title":"Naevus sebaceus: A mosaic rasopathy","volume":"39","author":"Aslam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2009.03454.x","article-title":"Sebaceous neoplasia and the muir-torre syndrome: Important connections with clinical implications","volume":"56","author":"Shalin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"737","article-title":"Kras, hras and egfr mutations in sporadic sebaceous gland hyperplasia","volume":"96","author":"Groesser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305873","article-title":"Sebaceous adenomas of the eyelid and muir-torre syndrome","volume":"99","author":"Jagan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14044","article-title":"Update on the pathology, genetics and somatic landscape of sebaceous tumours","volume":"76","author":"Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198407000-00005","article-title":"Sebaceous gland tumors and systemic disease: A clinicopathologic analysis","volume":"63","author":"Finan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.1984.tb00397.x","article-title":"Sebaceous gland neoplasia","volume":"11","author":"Prioleau","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.04.058","article-title":"Sebaceous lesions and their associated syndromes: Part i","volume":"61","author":"Eisen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197401)33:1<82::AID-CNCR2820330115>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Cutaneous sebaceous neoplasms","volume":"33","author":"Rulon","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Task Force\/Committee Members, Vidal, C.I., Sutton, A., Armbrect, E.A., Lee, J.B., Litzner, B.R., Hurley, M.Y., Panel, R., Alam, M., and Duncan, L.M. (2019). Muir-torre syndrome appropriate use criteria: Effect of patient age on appropriate use scores. J. Cutan. Pathol., 46, 484\u2013489.","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.13459"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-66584-0","article-title":"The molecular cartography of malignant and benign sebaceous tumours","volume":"17","author":"Ferreira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14862","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14862","article-title":"An updated review of the sebaceous gland and its role in health and diseases part 2: Pathophysiological clinical disorders of sebaceous glands","volume":"34","author":"Shamloul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-198402000-00006","article-title":"Sebaceoma. A distinctive benign neoplasm of adnexal epithelium differentiating toward sebaceous cells","volume":"6","author":"Troy","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-199506000-00001","article-title":"Sebomatricoma: A unifying term that encompasses all benign neoplasms with sebaceous differentiation","volume":"17","author":"Requena","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000001067","article-title":"Sebaceous neoplasms with rippled, labyrinthine\/sinusoidal, petaloid, and carcinoid-like patterns: A study of 57 cases validating their occurrence as a morphological spectrum and showing no significant association with muir-torre syndrome or DNA mismatch repair protein deficiency","volume":"40","author":"Wiedemeyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2015.10.005","article-title":"Importance of universal mismatch repair protein immunohistochemistry in patients with sebaceous neoplasia as an initial screening tool for muir-torre syndrome","volume":"49","author":"Jessup","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-200208000-00002","article-title":"Sebaceoma and related neoplasms with sebaceous differentiation: A clinicopathologic study of 30 cases","volume":"24","author":"Misago","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000000494","article-title":"Infundibulocystic structures and prominent squamous metaplasia in sebaceoma-a rare feature. A clinicopathologic study of 10 cases","volume":"38","author":"Flux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.12147","article-title":"Lipid synthesis and processing proteins abhd5, pgrmc1 and squalene synthase can serve as novel immunohistochemical markers for sebaceous neoplasms and differentiate sebaceous carcinoma from sebaceoma and basal cell carcinoma with clear cell features","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2007.02722.x","article-title":"Characteristic ber-ep4 and ema expression in sebaceoma is immunohistochemically distinct from basal cell carcinoma","volume":"51","author":"Fan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2010.1","article-title":"Adipophilin expression in sebaceous tumors and other cutaneous lesions with clear cell histology: An immunohistochemical study of 117 cases","volume":"23","author":"Ostler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.14043","article-title":"Comparison of adipophilin and recently introduced preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma immunohistochemistry in the assessment of sebaceous neoplasms: A pilot study","volume":"48","author":"Donnell","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2023.100101","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of gata6 immunostaining in sebaceous tumors of the skin","volume":"36","author":"Deschamps","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/01.dad.0000245200.65600.a4","article-title":"Distinction of benign sebaceous proliferations from sebaceous carcinomas by immunohistochemistry","volume":"28","author":"Cabral","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/his.15361","article-title":"Recurrent grhl fusions in a subset of sebaceoma: Microscopic and molecular characterisation of eight cases","volume":"86","author":"Legrand","year":"2025","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2016.05.004","article-title":"Circumscribed sebaceous neoplasms: A morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular analysis","volume":"48","author":"Harvey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-021-03083-9","article-title":"Tert promoter mutation in sebaceous neoplasms","volume":"479","author":"Blanco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2026.106058","article-title":"Grhl-rearranged sebaceoma: Expanding the clinical and morphologic spectrum","volume":"170","author":"Dileep","year":"2026","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000001691","article-title":"Sebaceous tumors of the skin: A study of 145 lesions from 136 patients correlating pathologic features and DNA mismatch repair staining pattern","volume":"43","author":"Konstantinova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujii, C., Mochizuki, A., Dreike, S., and Jeter, J.M. (2025). Genetic drivers in sebaceous neoplasms: A review of germline and somatic mutations and their role in treatment and management strategies. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17040659"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.07.046","article-title":"Incidence and survival of sebaceous carcinoma in the united states","volume":"75","author":"Tripathi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23952","article-title":"A retrospective review of 1349 cases of sebaceous carcinoma","volume":"115","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2020.3111","article-title":"Sebaceous carcinoma incidence and survival among solid organ transplant recipients in the united states, 1987\u20132017","volume":"156","author":"Sargen","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1111\/his.70078","article-title":"Human papilloma virus infection and mismatch repair protein expression in sebaceous neoplasms of the genital area","volume":"88","author":"Wiedemeyer","year":"2026","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2008.00247.x","article-title":"Sebaceous carcinoma: The great masquerader: Emgerging concepts in diagnosis and treatment","volume":"21","author":"Buitrago","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2024.0061","article-title":"Genetic\/familial high-risk assessment: Colorectal, endometrial, and gastric, version 3.2024, nccn clinical practice guidelines in oncology","volume":"22","author":"Hodan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1\u201315; quiz 16\u201318","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(95)90001-2","article-title":"Sebaceous carcinoma","volume":"33","author":"Nelson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-198408000-00003","article-title":"Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid. Errors in clinical and pathologic diagnosis","volume":"8","author":"Wolfe","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.23021","article-title":"Identification of novel target proteins in sebaceous gland carcinoma","volume":"35","author":"Erovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"37","article-title":"Prognostic value of immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen, p53, and c-erbb-2 in sebaceous gland carcinoma and sweat gland carcinoma: Comparison with histopathological parameter","volume":"7","author":"Hasebe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000001667","article-title":"Twenty-eight cases of extraocular sebaceous carcinoma: A correlative clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of extraocular sebaceous carcinomas and benign sebaceous gland tumors","volume":"43","author":"Boecker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e31820a2027","article-title":"Sebaceous carcinoma: An immunohistochemical reappraisal","volume":"33","author":"Ansai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-1688","article-title":"Distinct biological types of ocular adnexal sebaceous carcinoma: Hpv-driven and virus-negative tumors arise through nonoverlapping molecular-genetic alterations","volume":"25","author":"Tetzlaff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterson, C., Moore, R., Hicks, J.L., Morsberger, L.A., De Marzo, A.M., Zou, Y., Eberhart, C.G., and Campbell, A.A. (2021). Ngs analysis confirms common tp53 and rb1 mutations, and suggests myc amplification in ocular adnexal sebaceous carcinomas. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168454"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-2473","article-title":"Sebaceous carcinoma epidemiology and genetics: Emerging concepts and clinical implications for screening, prevention, and treatment","volume":"27","author":"Sargen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.22009","article-title":"Epidemiology of sebaceous carcinoma of the head and neck: Implications for lymph node management","volume":"34","author":"Tryggvason","year":"2012","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wohlfeil, S.A., Utikal, J.S., Bauer-Auch, C., Surovtsova, I., Vogel, T., Koy, A.-L., and Morakis, P. (2026). Sebaceous carcinoma: A retrospective multicenter analysis of 213 cases. Cancers, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18081245"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(05)70465-4","article-title":"Muir-torre syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Ponti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"549","article-title":"Multiple sebaceous tumors","volume":"98","author":"Torre","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djm291","article-title":"The frequency of muir-torre syndrome among lynch syndrome families","volume":"100","author":"South","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(05)80013-0","article-title":"Association of sebaceous gland tumors and internal malignancy: The muir-torre syndrome","volume":"90","author":"Cohen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(08)70126-8","article-title":"Lessons from the skin--cutaneous features of familial cancer","volume":"9","author":"Winship","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2014.02.001","article-title":"Braf\/kras gene sequencing of sebaceous neoplasms after mismatch repair protein analysis","volume":"45","author":"Cornejo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s10689-025-00456-w","article-title":"Causes of DNA mismatch repair deficiency in sebaceous skin lesions demonstrating loss of mlh1 protein expression: Constitutional over somatic mlh1 promoter methylation","volume":"24","author":"Joo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fam. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"711","article-title":"Rate of benign and malignant secondary tumors associated with nevus sebaceous: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Pang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.17941","article-title":"Should be removed or taken biopsy in early stage: A retrospective study of 953 cases of nevus sebaceous from a single center","volume":"52","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2011.01562.x","article-title":"Nevus sebaceous revisited","volume":"29","author":"Moody","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1159\/000526143","article-title":"Secondary tumors arising from nevus sebaceus: A multicenter collaborative study and literature review","volume":"239","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29988","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000029988","article-title":"Malignant transformation of nevus sebaceous to basal-cell carcinoma: Case series, literature review, and management algorithm","volume":"101","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(00)90136-1","article-title":"Tumors arising in nevus sebaceus: A study of 596 cases","volume":"42","author":"Cribier","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000002355","article-title":"Malignant melanoma arising in a prolific nevus sebaceus with colonization of trichoblastoma","volume":"45","author":"Kimball","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12845","article-title":"Nevus sebaceus: A clinicopathological study of 168 cases and review of the literature","volume":"55","author":"Seirafi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2316","article-title":"Postzygotic hras and kras mutations cause nevus sebaceous and schimmelpenning syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Groesser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Genet"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16784","article-title":"Whole-exome sequencing of secondary tumors arising from nevus sebaceous revealed additional genomic alterations besides ras mutations","volume":"50","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15919","article-title":"Genetic analyses of a secondary poroma and trichoblastoma in a hras-mutated sebaceous nevus","volume":"48","author":"Minowa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000170348.40057.60","article-title":"Endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma: Twelve new cases suggest that it is a precursor of some invasive mucinous carcinomas","volume":"29","author":"Zembowicz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001462","article-title":"An update on endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma: Clinicopathologic study of 63 cases and comparative analysis","volume":"44","author":"Agni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199712000-00014","article-title":"Endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma: A cutaneous neoplasm analogous to solid papillary carcinoma of breast","volume":"21","author":"Flieder","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14940","article-title":"Recurrent pak2 rearrangements in poroma with folliculo-sebaceous differentiation","volume":"83","author":"Kervarrec","year":"2023","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.20440","article-title":"Frequent fusion of the crtc1 and maml2 genes in clear cell variants of cutaneous hidradenomas","volume":"46","author":"Winnes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes Chromosom. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-017-0104-0","article-title":"Crtc1-maml2 fusion-induced lncrna linc00473 expression maintains the growth and survival of human mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.086","article-title":"Trichoadenoma of nikolowski is a distinct neoplasm within the spectrum of follicular tumors","volume":"62","author":"Shimanovich","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.1997.tb00780.x","article-title":"Merkel cells are absent in basal cell carcinomas but frequently found in trichoblastomas. An immunohistochemical study","volume":"24","author":"Schulz","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.13305","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of immunohistochemical markers in differentiation between basal cell carcinoma and trichoepithelioma in small biopsy specimens","volume":"45","author":"Mostafa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2021.7148","article-title":"Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for extramammary paget disease","volume":"8","author":"Kibbi","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199710000-00008","article-title":"Vulvar paget\u2019s disease: A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 19 cases","volume":"21","author":"Goldblum","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"1069","article-title":"Cytokeratin 7 staining in mammary and extramammary paget\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19830715)52:2<238::AID-CNCR2820520209>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Merkel cells and merkel cell tumors. Ultrastructure, immunocytochemistry and review of the literature","volume":"52","author":"Warner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cancer"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/19\/3209\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:15:36Z","timestamp":1791195336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/18\/19\/3209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers18193209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers18193209","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]}}}