{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T02:10:35Z","timestamp":1768875035409,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,30]],"date-time":"2017-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aneuploidy, the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, is one of the most obvious differences between normal and cancer cells. There is, however, debate on how aneuploid cells arise and whether or not they are a cause or a consequence of tumorigenesis. Further, it is important to distinguish aneuploidy (the \u201cstate\u201d of the karyotype) from chromosomal instability (CIN; the \u201crate\u201d of karyotypic change). Although CIN leads to aneuploidy, not all aneuploid cells exhibit CIN. One proposed route to aneuploid cells is through an unstable tetraploid intermediate because tetraploidy promotes chromosomal aberrations and tumorigenesis. Tetraploidy or near-tetraploidy (T\/NT) (81\u2013103 chromosomes) karyotypes with or without additional structural abnormalities have been reported in acute leukemia, T-cell and B-cell lymphomas, and solid tumors. In solid tumors it has been shown that tetraploidization can occur in response to loss of telomere protection in the early stages of tumorigenesis in colon cancer, Barrett\u2019s esophagus, and breast and cervical cancers. In hematological malignancies T\/NT karyotypes are rare and the role of telomere dysfunction for the induction of tetraploidization is less well characterized. To further our understanding of possible telomere dysfunction as a mechanism for tetrapolydization in hematological cancers we here characterized the chromosomal complement and measured the telomere content by interphase nuclei quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization (iQFISH) in seven hematological cancer patients with T\/NT karyotypes, and after cytogenetic remission. The patients were identified after a search in our local cytogenetic registry in the 5-year period between June 2012 and May 2017 among more than 12,000 analyzed adult patients in this period. One advantage of measuring telomere content by iQFISH is that it is a single-cell analysis so that the telomere content can be distinguished between normal karyotype cells and cells with T\/NT karyotypes. We find that the telomeres are particularly short in cells with T\/NT karyotypes as compared with normal cells, and in T\/NT karyotypes harboring additional chromosomal aberrations as well. These findings suggest that telomere dysfunction in hematological malignancies may be a mechanism for tetraploidization and CIN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers9120165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,30]],"date-time":"2017-11-30T12:02:51Z","timestamp":1512043371000},"page":"165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Telomere Shortening in Hematological Malignancies with Tetraploidization\u2014A Mechanism for Chromosomal Instability?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Eigil","family":"Kjeldsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancercytogenetic Section, HemoDiagnostic Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, Ent. 4A, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, <email>Eigil.Kjeldsen@clin.au.dk<\/email>; Tel.: +45-7846-7799; Fax: +45-7846-7399"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5223.1976.tb01534.x","article-title":"Bone-marrow chromosomes in healthy subjects","volume":"82","author":"Knuutila","year":"1976","journal-title":"Hereditas"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgi218","article-title":"Tetraploidy and chromosomal instability are early events during cervical carcinogenesis","volume":"27","author":"Olaharski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2014-202697","article-title":"Clinicopathological analysis of near-tetraploidy\/tetraploidy acute myeloid leukaemia","volume":"68","author":"Pang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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